內隱與外顯自尊對自尊需求的影響

The effects of implicit and explicit self-esteem on need for self-regard

余思賢(Ssu-Hsien Yu)

指導教授 ： 孫蒨如

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2002年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200200039

摘要

本研究探討內隱自尊在無回饋、模糊回饋、正回饋，以及負回饋情境中對個體的影響，並與外顯自尊的影響逐一作比較，再用階層迴歸分析探索兩個不同層面的自尊在正向自尊需求上的交互作用。

為了測量內隱自尊，研究中比較修改自歐美文獻中的兩種測量工具------內隱關聯測驗（implicit association test，簡稱IAT）與觸發作業（priming task），結果發現以受試者的姓名作為觸發詞的觸發作業，是最適用的內隱自尊指標。此外，研究中顯示中國人普遍上有正向的內隱自尊，換言之，中國人在內隱層面的基本自我評價是正向的。

在自尊的主要效果方面，研究結果顯示，在無回饋情境中，低內隱自尊者的正向自尊需求確實比高內隱自尊者高，而高低外顯自尊者則無顯著差異；在模糊回饋組中，高低內隱或高低內隱自尊者都沒有明顯差異；在正回饋組中，意外地發現無論內隱或外顯自尊，低自尊者的正向自尊需求都較強；在負回饋組中，則發現高內隱自尊者的正向自尊需求比低內隱自尊者強，而高外顯自尊者也有正向自尊需求比低外顯自尊者強的傾向。其中，內隱自尊和外顯自尊對個體影響的差異，可能在無回饋情境中方能展現。

在內外自尊的交互作用上，本研究發現只有在無回饋和模糊情境中（尤其是無回饋情境），才會發生內外自尊在正向自尊需求的交互作用。筆者推敲該交互作用的方式可能意味著外顯自尊和內隱自尊差異較大的個體，在該情境中有較強的正向自尊需求。文末則對測量工具以及內外自尊的主要效果和交互作用，作通盤的討論，並對不符預期的現象上作可能的解釋，同時提出後續的研究方向。

關鍵字

內隱關聯測驗 ； 觸發作業 ； 正向自尊需求 ； 內隱自尊 ； 外顯自尊

並列摘要

The present research was tried to find the best method to measure individuals’ implicit self-esteem and also examined the extent to which level of implicit self-esteem (ISE) predicted cognitive responses to different feedback conditions. Explicit self-esteem (ESE) was also measured to explore the possible interaction effect of implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem on individual’s motivation state and cognitive reactions.

To measure ISE, implicit association test (IAT) and priming task were employed. The author found that, using subjects’ own name as the prime, was the most effective way to measure individual’s implicit self-esteem. Moreover, it was also found that Chinese people have the tendency to possess positive implicit self-esteem.

The results of the study revealed that in the no feedback condition, the low ISEs’ had higher need for positive self-regard than the high ISEs. However, there was no significant difference between low and high ESEs. In the ambiguous feedback condition, no differences emerged either between high and low ISEs or between high and low ESEs. Moreover, resulted also indicated that in the positive feedback condition, both low ISEs and ESEs had higher need for positive regard than high ISEs and ESEs. However, the pattern was reverse in the negative feedback condition, the high ISEs and ESEs had stronger need for positive self-regard than the low ISEs and ESEs.

The results also showed that there was an interaction effect of ISE and ISE in the non-feedback and ambiguous feedback conditions. The author speculated that when there is a great discrepancy exists between one’s implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem, the individual might experience the internal disturbance, and therefore has higher need for positive self-regard. Other implications were also discussed.

並列關鍵字

priming task ； implicit association test (IAT) ； need for positive self-regard ； explicit self-esteem ； implicit self-esteem

參考文獻

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