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  • 學位論文

英參政時期吉隆坡近代都市發展研究

Urban Modern Development in Kuala Lumpur under British Residency System

指導教授 : 黃俊銘
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摘要


馬來西亞地處於東西方貿易交流的要塞,從十五世紀航海時期開始東西方文化就開始繁密的交流。而馬來西亞的近代歷史最早可以追溯至十六世紀初,馬六甲在1511年被葡萄牙佔領,接著在1641年再由荷蘭人殖民。此二歐洲航海強國在馬六甲的殖民時期引進了有別於馬來傳統的管理制度、都市規劃以及建築技術等,為馬來半島開啟早期近代化改革。 相較於歐洲大陸諸國,英國在亞洲的殖民事業起步較慢。英國從十八世紀開始,以漸進式的方式挺進,在多次與法國交戰後,在1859年才全面佔領印度。此後,英國以印度為基礎,再逐漸將勢力擴張至中南半島以及馬來半島。1786年萊特(Francis Light)以巧取的方式,從吉打蘇丹(Kedah)手中獲得檳城的統治權。爾後1819年萊佛士(Stamford Raffles)在新加坡建立近代化殖民都市。1824年,英國從荷蘭人手中取得馬六甲,到1826年正式成立海峽殖民地。 英國在海峽殖民地的統治期間,取得了相當豐富的殖民都市經營經驗。此經驗對於其後來在馬來半島實施參政制度時有相當大的幫助。英國參政制度的建立,原來是保守的殖民策略,然而自參政制度實施不久,英國參政司漸漸由輔助(advise)蘇丹的參與者角色,轉變成為直接管理(govern)的統領者。這樣的轉變,對馬來半島地區的發展起了相當大的影響,許多早期由華人建立的內陸錫礦產業聚落,在英國參政司介入並主導之下,紛紛進入快速發展時期。此為十九世紀末英國在馬來半島殖民地推行近代化工程的過程,而吉隆坡,正是在這樣的背景下,由產業聚落發展成為最具有潛力的新興殖民城市。吉隆坡從1880年英國殖民政府遷入主政開始,至1896年成為馬來聯邦首府,此過程只有短短的16年,而後在殖民政府繼續帶領之下,吉隆坡的發展在馬來半島一直處於領先的地位,以致在1957年成為國家首都。從吉隆坡的都市的整體發展過程,可以探討英國的殖民地經營策略,做為研究英國殖民城市近代化發展的一個案例。 本論文的研究範圍,從1870年代吉隆坡華人聚落形成開始,一直到英國殖民政府介入管轄至二次世界大戰前為止。藉由文獻收集及解讀的方式,將吉隆坡的發展分為幾個主要時期,分別建立歷史論述,再以這些不同時期之演變過程比較,來了解整個歷史原貌。希望藉此方法可以幫助了解馬來半島英國殖民地都市近代化發展模式,以及在未來有助於延伸作為東南亞殖民城市發展歷史研究之整體比較。

並列摘要


Malaysia situated at the substantial trading post between the Eastern and Western, both regions gained cultural exchange since 15 century Marine time. The modern history of Malaysia may be trace to the beginning of 16th century, Malacca is seized in 1511 by Portugal, then colonized again in 1641 by the Dutch. As a result of the colonization, both European country introduced to the Malacca a new modern system which differ from traditional Malay management, the metropolis plan as well as the construction technology and , thus lead the Malay Peninsula to the early modern development. Comparing to the other countries in Europe continent, British government starts it’s colonization in Asia later. In the beginning of 18th century, British expand it’s territory in India gradually, after many battles with France, then comprehensively seized India in 1859. Hereafter, England took India as the foundation, again gradually expands the influence to Indo-China as well as the Malay Peninsula. In 1786, Francis Light skillfully acquired the sovereignty of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah. Then, in 1819, Raffles founded Singapore as a modern colonial city. In 1824, England obtained Malacca from the Dutch, officially established the Straits Settlements in 1826. In the dominant period in the Straits Settlements, British Colonial Government obtained rich experiences in those colonial cities. Hereafter this experience became the support to the newly adopted Residency System. The establishment of the British Residency System was originally a conservative colonial strategy, however, the implementation of the Residency System into the government gradually changed from being an assistance advisor into an administrator. Such transformation has left a tremendous influence for the development in Malay Peninsula. Several early settlements which established by the Chinese miner encountered a fast development in the participant of the Resident. This is perhaps a sample of the modern progress drove by British in the Malay peninsular. And Kuala Lumpur, is a typical example among the mining settlements which developed from the industrial settlement into a most potential younger colonial city. Kuala Lumpur became the capital of the Federated Malay States in 1896, and remains as the national capital until now after the Malaya independence in the year 1957. From the process of modern development in Kuala Lumpur, by tracing the colony management strategy of the British, this could be a reference for the study of the modernity in the colonial cities. The scope of the present paper research starts from the Kuala Lumpur Chinese people settlement in 1870s, and continuously the involvement of the British colonial government, until the beginning of the Second World War. By analyzing the historical materials and documents, the Kuala Lumpur township development can be divided into several main periods, then separately established the historical interpretation. Finally, with the understanding of the original condition of the entire historical background, build up the comparison of the variation process of these different periods. The methods used in this research are hopefully being helpful in the understand of the modernization of the British colonial cities in Malay peninsula, as well as being helpful for further studies on the comparison of the colonial cities development in Southeast Asia.

參考文獻


S. M. Middlebrook and J. M. Gullick
CO 273 Town Planning in Malaya
CO 828 Federated Malay States Authenticated Enactments
Ahmad Sarji
F. A. Swettenham

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