中文詞鄰項效果的研究:從可組成性來探討

本研究是從詞彙觸接處理歷程，探討當讀者欲從心理詞彙庫中正確提取出某一目標詞時，與該目標詞在構詞形式上具有特定連結關係的詞群，也就是研究裡所欲探討之詞彙鄰項，對於目標詞的觸接歷程會產生什麼影響。由於鄰項與目標詞間共享部分特徵，在辨識時容易與目標詞產生混淆情形，毫無疑問的會成為目標詞可能的競爭者，因此經由探討鄰項特性及其影響的同時，也希望藉以理解中文詞彙觸接歷程的運作情形。研究中以三個實驗來檢驗中文字詞的鄰項效果，發現鄰項應從字詞的「可組成性」來探討，且以單字詞來檢驗鄰項效果似乎較為合適。實驗一操弄詞頻和鄰項個數及相對頻率，發現顯著的鄰項個數與鄰項頻率效果；實驗二操弄詞頻和鄰項位置，發現詞頻與鄰項位置產生交互作用的效果，當目標詞的鄰項出現在第一位置較多時，會抑制高頻目標詞的提取速度，卻促進低頻詞的提取速度；實驗三則以可組成性的觀點重新檢驗「雙字詞」的鄰項效果，同樣操弄詞頻與鄰項個數，發現不論詞頻高低，鄰項個數皆會促進目標詞的唸名反應，與單字詞的研究結果相呼應。這三個實驗的結果顯示出鄰項確實有其心理實質性。換句話說，詞彙在心理詞彙庫的存取不僅取決於頻率的高低，鄰項的特性也會產生影響，本文是以可組成性的觀點來加以探討，其中主要的影響因素包括鄰項個數、相對頻率及組成位置，而這些鄰項特性與詞彙間多重訊息的連結，會形成一個動態的詞彙運作模式，影響讀者提取訊息的方式，進而影響中文詞彙的觸接歷程。

關鍵字

可組成性；鄰項效果

並列摘要

The present research focused on the effects of words’ orthographic neighborhood. We investigated the role of the neighborhood relationships that exist among the neighbors of a given word in the visual recognition of the word. More specifically, when a word is presented, its orthographic neighbors will be activated. As a result, the activation of these neighbors would be a benefit or cost when they share a large number of orthographic features with the target. The activation of some and/or all neighbors seems to be inevitable. Therefore, the investigations of neighborhood effect would shed some light on the underlying mechanisms of mental lexical access. The effects of neighborhood size, frequency and position were examined on Chinese words in three naming experiments. From the combinability prospective， the data demonstrated that the Chinese single words are the suitable stimulus for investigating neighborhood effects. The main findings can be summarized as follows: In Experiment 1, we observed large neighborhood size did facilitate naming process, but higher frequency neighbors inhibited higher frequency words. In Experiment 2, the neighbor appear on first position inhibited higher frequency words, but facilitated lower frequency words. In Experiment 3, two-character words were used, as in Experiment 1, it was found that large neighborhood words yielded faster responses than small-neighborhood words regardless of word frequency. The psychological reality of neighborhood effect was then confirmed. In other words, identifying a written word in the mental lexicon depends not only on its own characteristics but also on its similarity relationships with other words in the lexicon. The main factors include neighborhood size, frequency and position. The dynamical interaction of these multiple information provide a means of specifying the characteristics of the access mechanism.

並列關鍵字

combinability ； neighborhood effect

參考文獻

Andrews, S.（1989）. Frequency and neighborhood effects on lexical access:

Activation or search? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,

and Cognition, 15, 802-814.

Andrews, S.（1997）. The effect of orthographic similarity on lexical retrieval: Resolving neighborhood conflicts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 4, 439-461.

Baron, J. & Strawson, C.（1976）. Use of orthographic and word-specific knowledge in reading words aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2, 386-393.

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中文詞鄰項效果的研究:從可組成性來探討

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