個體如何評價自我?過往文獻指出社會比較的結果對個體的自我評價具有顯著的影響,而時序比較相關理論研究則論證時序中的自我比較訊息亦是認識評估自我的關鍵環節。筆者則認為雖然他人表現必定影響自我評價,但個體同時也會受到自己本身由昨至今的變化比較訊息所影響,所以這兩類比較訊息應是共同作用來影響個體的自我評價。然而先前研究鮮少對此議題進行探討,因此本研究提出一調節模式,假設時序比較會調節社會比較對自我評價的影響。實驗一藉由測驗回饋分數操弄不同趨勢的時序比較訊息,同時給予不同方向的社會比較訊息。92名實驗參與者隨機分派至3 (時序比較:進步/持平/退步) × 2 (社會比較:向上/向下) 受試者間設計的各情境,結果顯示兩類比較對自我評價有顯著交互作用,而其調節效果模式符合本研究整體假設預期,同時亦確認不同趨勢的時序比較訊息會讓實驗參與者所形成的自我效能相關信念知識有顯著差異。實驗二則進一步去釐清此調節效果的主要作用因素是基於時序比較訊息中所隱含的何種資訊內涵 (變化趨勢或平均水準) 所致,因此實驗二的回饋分數運用拮抗反差式的設計,75名實驗參與者隨機分派至3 (時序比較:進步-低平均 / 持平-中平均 / 退步-高平均) × 2 (社會比較:向上/向下) 受試者間設計的各情境,結果呈現與實驗一相同的調節效果型態,揭示時序比較訊息中的趨勢變化才是首要關鍵因素。整體而言,兩個實驗的結果均支持調節效果模式:社會比較訊息提供個體一個比較的相對「位置」,而個體過往不同趨勢變化的時序比較訊息則影響個體本身的自我效能相關的信念知識,進而賦予這個「位置」不同的個人意涵,兩者共同影響最終的自我評價。
How individuals evaluate themselves? Past literatures suggest that effect of social comparison is very robust. On the other hand, the researches of temporal comparison state that whether performance improved or deteriorated over time also affects one’s self-evaluation. We proposed that the self-evaluation should be influenced by both social comparison and temporal comparison. To be exact, we suggested that different temporal performance trends in temporal comparison information affected self-efficacy, and therefore moderated the impact of social comparison on self-evaluation. Two experiments were conducted to examine our hypotheses. In Experiment 1, Ninety-two participants were random assigned to 3 (temporal comparison: improvement / same / deterioration) × 2 (social comparison: upward / downward) between-subjects design. A series of false performance feedbacks of an ability tests were used to manipulate different trends of temporal comparison information and other’s performance was also provided at the end as social comparison information. The results showed that, the trend of temporal comparison information did affect one’s self-efficacy, controllability, and future expectation. As predicted, a significant interaction effect of social comparison and temporal comparison on self-evaluation was found. The Experiment 2 tried to replicate the moderate effect of temporal comparison and further investigated the importance of the temporal performance trend. Seventy-five participants were randomly assigned to a 3 (temporal comparison: improvement with low average / same with moderate average / deterioration with high average) × 2 (social comparison: upward / downward) between-subjects design. The results also showed a similar interaction effect as experiment 1, and therefore demonstrated that it was the temporal performance trend, not performance average, moderated the impact of social comparison.
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