具被害妄想意念之個體於失落、威脅情境下的自利偏誤歸因之探討

Self-Serving Bias in Loss and Threat Situation in Individuals with Paranoid Ideations.

侯詩敏(Shi-Min Hou)

指導教授 ： 洪福建

中原大學/理學院/心理學研究所/碩士(2013年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/CYCU.2013.00097

摘要

研究背景與目的. 被害妄想者的歸因型態相關研究結果不一致一直是學者們所關注的議題。Bentall與其同事為主的一系列研究，認為被害妄想者為了保護內在憂鬱與低自尊，而傾向對正向事件做內歸因，負向事件做外歸因，為一種極度的自利偏誤(Self-serving bias)，此歸因偏誤為一種防衛機轉。Freeman等人提出具被害意念者容易預期威脅刺激對自己將造成傷害，對此感到焦慮且連結過往經驗相關之基模，出現避免傷害發生的行為。過去研究使用的歸因量表中的負向事件多為失落事件，依照Freeman等人的論點，失落事件難以引發被害意念因而無法表現歸因偏誤。故本研究欲重新編製歸因量表，在負向事件中增加威脅事件，探討具有被害妄想意念之國內大學生面對失落事件與威脅事件時，是否出現歸因偏誤。
研究方法. 蒐集157位參與者曾經歷的生活情境，對象為中原大學心理系之學生與社會人士，以此編製中文內在、他人與環境歸因量表-修訂版(CIPSAQ-R)，共48個問題情境，其中正向、失落與威脅情境各16題，並請20位中原大學心理所碩士班在學生以Likert scale協助區分失落事件與威脅事件。研究分為三個階段進行，1)CIPSAQ-R的預試，共有261人參與研究，對象皆為中原大學心理系、通識課程之學生，其中4份量表漏答超過一份量表或出現反應心向，共有257份有效問卷納入預試分析，填寫量表為CIPSAQ-R、中文內在、他人與環境歸因量表(CIPSAQ)。2)團體施測，共有341人參與研究，其中1份漏答題數過多，共有340份有效問卷，填寫問卷為Green被害妄想量表(GPTS)、中文版貝克焦慮量表(BAI)、中文版貝克憂鬱量表(BDI-II)。3)依據第一階段Green被害妄想量表(GPTS)量表得分，篩選前25%(68分)以上者為被害妄向意念傾向組，與後25%(45分)以下者為一般控制組，共73人，經電話邀約後參與填寫CIPSAQ-R。
研究結果. CIPSAQ-R的信效度屬中等程度的相關，經刪題後信度降低，故未刪題。在歸因指標部分，被害妄想意念傾向組顯著表現出威脅事件外在他人歸因偏誤(TPB)，而一般控制組在面對失落與威脅事件皆顯著表現歸因偏誤。兩組僅TPB無顯著差異，在其他指標皆是一般控制組顯著高於被害妄向意念傾向組。在三種歸因向度(內在歸因、外在他人歸因、外在環境歸因)上，組別與事件皆有顯著的交互作用。
結論. CIPSAQ-R失落事件與威脅事件的難過與威脅程度有明顯差異，但部分題目仍難以區分難過與威脅感受。被害妄想意念傾向組傾向表現出憂鬱歸因型態，一般控制組傾向表現歸因偏誤，在面對威脅事件時，兩組皆表現外在他人歸因，顯示威脅事件與失落事件對被害妄想意念傾向組而言，具有不同的意義並引發不同的想法。在文中最後亦提出研究可能的限制，以及未來的方向。

關鍵字

威脅事件 ； 失落事件 ； 被害妄想意念 ； 歸因量表 ； 自利偏誤 ； 歸因型態

並列摘要

Background and purpose. The research of attributional styles in individuals with paranoid ideations are not consistent conclusions, these has been the subject of concern to scholars. In a series of study mainly from Bentall and his colleagues, they suggested patients with persecutory delusion tended to attribute negative events to external causes and positive events to internal causes for protecting the depression and low self-esteem, it was likely an extreme form of the self-serving bias, and it was a defense methanism. Freeman et al. consider individual with paranoia ideation, noticed the threat stimuli on their own will be expected to cause harm, and anxiety in this matter, those anxiety are linked with past experiences related to the fundamental mode. Due to the different schema, individuals with paranoid ideations have behavior for avoiding injury. Past studies used negative events in attributional inventory, it contains many lost events. According to Freeman et al., lost event is difficult to trigger paranoid ideations of paranoia and therefore can not exhibit attributional bias. Therefore, the aim of this research is to reprogram attribution scale, increasing threat events in questionnaire, and investigate university students with paranoid ideations who face lost events and threat events, whether there will be attributional bias.

Methods. Researcher preparing Chinese Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionaire- Revised (CIPSAQ-R), gathered 157 participants had experienced life situation, participants were recruited from Chung-Yuan Christian University and member of society, prepared 48 problem situations, And invited 20 Chung-Yuan Christian University Master of Psychology undergraruates help distinguish between loss events and threat events. Study is divided into three stages, 1)pilot study of CIPSAQ-R, 261 Chung-Yuan Christian University students participated in the study, in which four subjects have missed more than one scale or appeared to response set, 257 valid questionnaires were analysis, participants took CIPSAQ-R, Chinese Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionaire (CIPSAQ). 2)Groups surveying, 341 students participated in the study, in which one subject have miss too many answer, 340 valid questionnaires, participants took Green et al. Paranoid Scales(GPTS), Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI), Beck Depression Inventory-II(BDI-II). 3) According to GPTS scores, screening 75%(68 points) or more for the paranoid ideations tendency group, and 25%(45 points) or below for the general control group, 73 students to participated in telephone solicitation, and took CIPSAQ-R.

Results. The moderate relation of CIPSAQ-R reliability and validity, and reliability reduced after delete items. In attributional bias, the scores of threat event external personal bias (TPB) reveals significance in the paranoid ideations tendency group, general control group show attributional bias in lost and threat events. Two groups show no significant differences in TPB, general comtrol group is significantly higher than paranoid ideations tendency group in other attributional bias. In attributional style, groups and events have significant interaction.

Conclusions. Sad and threat level in CIPSAQ-R lost and threat events have significant differences, but part of items are difficult to distinguish between feelings of sadness and threats. Paranoid ideations tendency group have depressive attributioal style, and general control group have attributional bias. Two groups tend to attribute threat events to external-personal, it show threats and loss events on paranoid ideations tendency group terms with different meanings and lead to different thoughts. Other factors that influence study and future implications were discussed.

並列關鍵字

attributional style ； self-serving bias ； attributional scales ； paranoid ideations ； lost events ； threat events

參考文獻

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