巴西回流台灣移民者的語言使用與語言態度之研究

One Person, Two Communities: A Study of Language Use and Language Attitude of Returned Taiwanese Brazilian Migrants in Taiwan

林鳳靖(Feng-Chin Lin)

指導教授 ： 許慧如

中原大學/人文與教育學院/應用外語研究所/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu200900008

摘要

近年來從巴西回流的台灣移民者有愈來愈多的趨勢，其中以輕壯年為例，他們想要回流的主要原因是希望能夠回台學習華語以及在台就業。在台灣，以回流台灣移民者為對象的研究，多為北美洲或澳洲為主，這些文獻主要探討台灣移民者的文化認同與社會適應之調查，以南美洲回流台灣移民者為研究對象或題材鮮少。當初隨父母移民或是在巴西出生的台灣小孩，他們多為被動的情形下放棄或鮮少與母社會連結及使用母國語言，本研究的目的主要探討在巴西和台灣兩個社會中，巴西回流台灣移民者的語言使用情形與語言態度。以十位自巴西回流台灣移民者為樣本，他們的年齡分佈在24歲至38歲間，在巴、台兩地都受過教育，目前居住在台灣多年。研究的方法係採取結構式問卷以及進行訪談兩種。
研究結果發現受試者的語言使用與語言態度因他們的出生地不同而有所差異。五位在巴西出生的台灣移民者認同葡萄牙語為他們的母語，另外五位在台灣出生的台灣移民者認同至少一個母國語言為他們的母語，對於自己母語的感知為擁有該語言猶如母語人士般的能力，而且這些語言都是從小在家庭場域使用。受試者對母語的態度為情感性的依附時，表現出該語言的族群認同象徵意義。另外，受試者對母語的態度為工具性依附時，表現出該語言的實質社會利益。在移民巴西之前，那些在台灣出生擁有母國語言能力的受試者，似乎比較有機會與母國文化及母國語言連結。家庭場域也是保有母國語言能力的重要因素。研究結果也發現不論在巴西或是在台灣，在當地社會調適的過程，隨著時間適應情形的改變，隨著經驗的累積及對周遭語言環境的熟悉，台灣移民者對個人語言使用上呈現混合式的風格，他們的語言態度凸顯出語言的獨特性。這顯示他們在巴、台兩地社會中已發展出「台灣巴西人」的社會族群及態度行為模式，而且已生根在他們的日常語言使用上。

關鍵字

語言使用 ； 語言態度 ； 母語 ； 母國語 ； 巴西回流台灣移民者

並列摘要

In Taiwan, language attitude research has emphasized the social-cultural, social-psychological, and educational factors that influence an individual’s language use and attitudes (Feifel, 1994; Huang, 1995; Chang, 1996; Young et al., 1992). Yet little research has done with regard to returned Taiwanese migrants. Many Taiwanese-born children arrive in Brazil as monolingual speakers of their heritage language, and develop into bilingual speakers as they acquire Portuguese. Some who were born in Brazil, on the other hand, may behave as Portuguese-speaking monolinguals in the non-family domain, or even maintain Portuguese-speaking households. After returning to Taiwan, both Taiwanese-born migrants and Brazilian-born migrants may vary on their language use.
The current study investigated language use and language attitude among 10 returned Taiwanese Brazilian migrants. The participants had migrated to Brazil and lived there for several years. They had also been educated in Brazil over a number of years. However, later after becoming adults, they had returned to Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information, firstly, on the participants’ background, and language use in terms of two periods—after migrating to Brazil and after returning to Taiwan. Secondly, it was used to examine attitudes toward Mandarin, Portuguese, or other self-reported native languages in the two periods through 28 self-reported statements. In addition, an audio-recorded interview was used to investigate the relation between language use and language attitude.
Results revealed that differences in the participants’ birthplaces were a significantly factor in their language use and attitudes. Five Brazilian-born returned participants identically regarded Portuguese as their native language while five returned Taiwanese-born participants considered at least one ancestral language as their native language(s). Their self-identified native languages were those languages in which they had native-like proficiency and which they had spoken since early childhood in the family domain only. Further, the findings empirically demonstrated that the participants who had acquired their heritage language to some degree before they migrated to Brazil tended to have greater attachment to their ancestral culture as well as language than did those who were born in Brazil. The findings also confirmed that a heritage language is generally associated with the participant’s cultural and ethnic background (Cho, 2000, p. 333).
Consistent with empirical research described in the literature, this study indicated that the participants who perceived the attitude of their native languages with sentimental attachment sought to maintain these languages since they were positively related to their speech community’s cohesiveness and to the participants’ inclusion as a member of that community. On the other hand, the participants who perceived the attitude of their native languages with instrumental attachment simply demonstrated more of a concern for social status or economic benefits within a given society (Baker, 1995; Gardner, 1982; Young et al., 1992). Overall, this study might delineate the dynamic relation between language use and language attitude in returned Taiwanese Brazilian migrants in Taiwan. It also might provide heritage language teachers with a basis for understanding how returned Taiwanese Brazilian migrants’ attitudes toward their heritage language(s) relate to their unique migrant experience. In conclusion, this study pointed out the significance and limitations of its investigation and proposed suggestions for future research.

並列關鍵字

Heritage language ； Returned Taiwanese Brazilian migrants ； Language use ； Language attitude ； Native language

參考文獻

Hsu, J. C. (2007). A Study on the Adaptation and Identity of Returning Young Taiwanese Migrants from Canada. Unpublished master’s thesis, Taipei Municipal University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan.

Liao, P. J. (2004). Young Taiwanese Migrants Returning from Australia: Their Adaptation and Self-Identity between Two Societies. Unpublished master’s thesis, Taipei Municipal University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan.

Baker, C. (1995). Attitudes and Language. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.

Baker, C. (2001). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualsim (3rd.). Great Britain: Multilingual Matters.

Bernaus, M., Masgoret, A., Gardner, R. C., & Reyes, E. (2004). Motivation and attitudes towards learning languages in multicultural classrooms [Electronic version]. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1 (2), 75-89.