布洛赫的烏托邦思想與基督教的無神論

Utopia and Christian Atheism in Ernst Bloch

林郁曄(Yu-Yeh Lin)

指導教授 ： 曾慶豹

中原大學/人文與教育學院/宗教研究所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201101003

摘要

本論文的研究主題是探討當代德國哲學家布洛赫(Ernst Bloch, 1885-1977)對於宗教與其烏托邦理論的思想關係。布洛赫的思想特點在於，他重新將烏托邦的想像與宗教的盼望帶回馬克思主義思想的範疇，擴充了傳統馬克思主義歷史唯物論的侷限。其次，他以「尚未」、「嶄新」、「盼望」等概念將烏托邦理論建構成一個具有開放性的政治理論架構，其目標是通往馬克思主義的基本理念：人與自然之間不再具有異化與剝削關係，未來的世界將是一個「人與自然同一」的新天新地的景像。

布洛赫認為，基督教思想遺產當中具有烏托邦的精神，是值得被保存的，但需要經過「無神論化」的清理過程；也就是要將人類與雅崴神的鬥爭關係、受原罪論壓抑的自我形象，透過經文的重新詮釋解放出來。如此人才能真正成為「人」自身。布洛赫認為對於烏托邦的渴望並非是空想，而是在人類歷史上已然不斷地發生，包括約阿希姆的神學突破、閔次爾所帶領的德國農民革命、到法國大革命對人權的爭取、以及馬克思主義的革命席捲等等。布洛赫呼籲人類要繼續秉持這樣的精神不斷地前進，並共同期盼「具體烏托邦」的真正降臨。

關鍵字

布洛赫 ； 烏托邦 ； 馬克思主義 ； 盼望 ； 無神論

並列摘要

This thesis endeavor to research the relationship between religion and utopia in Ernst Bloch (1885-1977)’s thought. Bloch brought the imagination of utopia and the hope in religious activities back to Marxism, and wanted to extend the limitation of the historical materialism in traditional Marxism. He used the concepts of ‘not-yet’, ‘newness’, and ‘hope’, a profound exploration of the possible reality of utopia, to reconstruct an openly political theory. He tried to eliminate the alienation between human and nature, the future would be a homeland of ‘new heaven and new earth’ in his system.

In Bloch’s system, there was a spirit of utopia in Christianity. However, the Bible needed to be re-explained. He thought human must have to resist the hegemony of Yahweh, and human needed to return the original one without ‘original sin’. Bloch thought the real ‘hope’ already in the ‘becoming’ in the history, for example, in Joachim of Fiore, Thomas Müntzer, and Karl Marx’s thought. Human need to keep the spirit and move on, and hope the coming of the concrete utopia.

並列關鍵字

Ernst Bloch ； Hope ； Atheism ； Marxism ； Utopia

參考文獻

Habermas, Jürgen. 1983, Philosophical-political profiles, translated by Frederick G. Lawrence, Cambridge: MIT Press

Bloch , Ernst. 1970, Man on His Own: Essays in the Philosophy of Religion,

── 1986, Natural Law and Human Dignity, Studies in Contemporary German

── 1988, The Utopian Function of Art and Literature: Selected Essays, Cambridge, : MIT Press.

── 1991, Heritage of Our Times, trans. by Neville and Stephen Plaice, Cambridge: Polity Press.