天氣、路線及性別對駕駛主客觀心智負荷之影響

The effects of weather, route, and gender on subjective and objective mental workload during driving.

林芸平(Yun-Ping Lin)

指導教授 ： 趙金榮

中原大學/電機資訊學院/工業與系統工程研究所/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201600385

摘要

全球十大死亡原因之一為道路交通傷害，在2012年全球因此死亡高達130萬人。而人們每天接觸的所有系統當中，道路交通體系是最為複雜和危險的，而世界衛生組織之全球道路安全現狀報告（2015）提到每年約有125萬人死於道路交通事故，並發現汽車造成之事故死亡率相較於其他交通工具之比例較高；而台灣從2011至2015年來因交通事故死亡人數平均約2000人。
　　本研究為探討駕駛於不同天氣下，了解有無道路狀況時之生理反應、心智負荷及駕駛績效的影響，其情境內容是利用多重資源理論之輸入模態(input modalities)、視覺頻道（Visual Channels）及情境知覺之區域場景知覺，藉由兩個理論來了解有無道路狀況來是否對於駕駛分心有影響。實驗共招募44名受測者， 自變數為天氣（晴天白天、晴天晚上、雨天白天、雨天晚上）、路線（簡單路線、複雜路線）及性別（男性、女性），來量測駕駛績效（完成時間）、心搏率（Heart Rate，HR）、心率變異性（Heart Rate Variability，HRV）與主觀評量（NASA-TLX）。
　　實驗結果發現在天氣狀況不佳（晚上、雨天），能見度低，容易造成視覺分心，需比平常駕駛時更加集中注意力，故交感神經（SDNN、LF）活性較大，副交感神經（R-MSSD、PNN50、HF）活性較小活性較小，駕駛績效時間較差，主觀評量（NASA-TLX）之心智需求與時間需求較為顯著；在路線複雜時，由於突發狀況（路障、行人穿越等）較多，使駕駛開車同時須注意突發狀況，使得注意力分散，負荷壓力增加，故交感神經活性（LF）較大，駕駛績效時間較差，且主觀評量各項分數皆為顯著；在性別方面男性與女性之心律變異性與駕駛績效並無差異，而女性在主觀評量之心智需求與精力耗費較為顯著。經由上述結果可發現，駕駛在能見度低及道路狀況較多時，使視覺頻道需同時處理處兩項作業，分別為駕駛將車輛維持在道路中央（周邊視覺），並同時注意突發狀況（中央視覺），容易造成駕駛分心，並且績效時間拉長、心智負荷的增加。

關鍵字

心智負荷 ； 主觀評量 ； 心率變異性 ； 駕駛分心 ； 駕駛模擬器

並列摘要

Road traffic injury is one of the ten leading causes of death in the world in 2012, died as a result of up to 1.3 million people worldwide. All systems that touch every day among the people, the road transport system is the most complex and dangerous, and the World Health Organization global status report on road safety (2015) mentioned that about 1.25 million people died in road traffic accidents, and found to be caused by a car accident mortality phase than in other means of transportation a higher proportion and Taiwan from the 2011-2015 years of the traffic accident death toll averaged about 2000 people.

This study is discussed that driver’s metal workload physiological and driving preformance generated by the variations in the different weather and sudden occurrences of road conditions . Its situation content is using Multiple Resources Theory of input modalities, Visual Channels and the Situation Awareness of local scene comprehension, through two a theory to understand has whether the road conditions to whether influence distracted driving.

Experiment results found in poor weather conditions(night, and rainy day), low visibility, likely to caused Visual distracted, needed than usually driving more concentrated attention, so Sympathetic Nervous System (SDNN, and LF) activity larger, Parasympathetic Nervous System (R-MSSD, and PNN50, and HF) activity smaller, driving performance time was poor, subjective measures (NASA-TLX) of mentel demend and temporal demand more significantly. In route complex, due to sudden occirrences of roda conditions (roadblocks, and pedestrian crossing, ect.) more, the driver drive at the same time it should be noted that emergency situation, distraction, load pressure increases, the sympathetic (LF) is large, poor driving performance, and NASA-TLX scores is significant. In terms of gender between male and female heart rate variability and driving performance were no difference, while women in the subjective measures of mental demands and effort level are significant. The results can be found driving in low visibility and many road conditions, so that the Visual Channel processing is required for two jobs, respectively, for driving the vehicle to keep the middle of the road (peripheral vision), and bearing in mind the sudden (central vision), likely to cause distracted driving and performance time, mental load increases.

並列關鍵字

Mental Workload ； NASA-TLX ； HRV ； Distracted driving ； Driving Simulator

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