從環境行為觀察探討中原大學設計合院之空間使用模式語言

Using the Environmental Behavior Observation Method to Investigate the Pattern Language in the Court Yard Space of College of Design in Chung Yuan Christian University

彭紹雯(Shao-Wen Peng)

指導教授 ： 彭文惠 ； 連振佑

中原大學/設計學院/景觀學研究所/碩士(2016年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201600704

摘要

戶外公共空間是能觸發人們互動的場所，當戶外公共空間的環境條件能滿足引起社會性活動發生的關鍵要素時，便能成為增加互動交流並進一步建立人際互信關懷和學習社會生活的最佳場所，同時能解決近年來因為人與人之間的關係逐漸疏離而產生的許多社會問題。校園被喻為是小型社會的縮影，學校除了提供知識上的教育之外，也應該讓學生們可以透過環境學習人與人之間的社會關係，營造公共空間最重要的還是要回到使用者本身，本次研究是以自己所生活的校園做為基地選擇，除了可以就近觀察使用者之外，也透過這次的觀察與實驗替學校帶來空間環境的檢視以及改善的貢獻，且進一步在空間設計方法及流程上提供設計實務一種參考方式。
研究基地位於中原大學設計學院的設計合院，以環境行為觀察與模式語言之相關理論做為基礎知識，進行環境行為觀察了解使用者的行為模式，再透過分析使用者停留空間的空間元素及條件找出使用者偏好環境，以現場局部的行動實驗的方式置入不同型式的桌椅檢驗分析使用結果。環境行為觀察與實驗設計分為三個部份，第一部份是試驗調查，透過整日全時段的觀察找出基地裡面使用者較多的時段，做為後續觀察的時段依據；第二部份是第一次的行為觀察，以直接觀察法且透過影像輔助的方式進行為期一個月的時間找出使用者的行為模式；第三部份的環境行為觀察實驗分為兩個階段，第一階段是置入不同類型的桌椅分別進行實驗，找出各自適合擺設的地點，以此進行第二階段綜合性實驗，透過兩階段實驗的檢驗方式分析實驗結果。
研究結果證實透過分析空間元素及條件結果篩選座位區是有效的方式，可找到使用者偏好的空間環境。在環境行為觀察實驗之前我們挑選亞歷山大模式語言中與設計合院相關的模式，找出檢視基地空間環境的關鍵原則提出在實驗前的執行步驟。比較實驗前後觀察結果發現活動類型從停留時間短暫的行為逐漸出現停留時間較長的活動，活動發生頻率也得到提升，根據活動類型得知使用者確實受到實驗桌椅置入後在使用型態上出現變化，從原本單獨個人的休憩行為轉變成多人的戶外野餐、聊天討論等互動行為開始產生證明提升空間環境品質是可以促進使用者之間產生更多元的社會性活動。此外在亞歷山大的模式語言中強調這並不是唯一和絕對的，它會因為文化背景、特定使用族群、空間使用及空間屬性的不同而產生特有的模式語言，因此在兩次觀察結果中也發現到屬於設計合院在地的模式，這些模式並非是全新的而是在原有的模式基礎上因地制宜的對亞歷山大的模式產生些微調整，發展出屬於設計合院特有的模式。
最後結論與建議，第一項是期望透過實驗所產生的效益不僅是一次實驗性的觸發，提供設計學院3種軟、硬體上的應用方式建議，能長時間的為設計合院的使用者帶來質變；第二項則是將本次研究在觀察與實驗過程中提出的關鍵原則及步驟要點，整理成一套設計方法作為設計實務中可以操作應用的參考。

關鍵字

環境行為觀察 ； 空間使用 ； 模式語言 ； 設計方法 ； 合院

並列摘要

Outdoor public spaces can promote interaction among people. An outdoor public space can become an extremely good place to increase people interactions to improve social relationships built on mutual trust and to learn social life when its environmental conditions fulfill the key elements to produce social activities. It may also solved some social problems owing to gradually alienated human relations. A school is just like a small community. In addition to providing education, a school should also provide environments for students to learn social relationships. The most important element of creating a high quality public space is about users. The chosen site of this investigation is my campus. It is not only because of the convenience of my observation, but also for the intention of creating opportunities to enhance the campus environment. And further, I want to provide a reference of practical design experience for the method and process of space design.
Our site is the court yard space of College of Design in Chung Yuan Christian University. The method of this investigation is based on the environmental behavior theory and the pattern language. We found out the decisive elements about users’ environmental preference by analyzing the observation results showing where people selected to stay. And then, we did the investigation once again. But this time we placed different types of seats on our site to reinspect the results. The process of investigation and experiment could be divided into three parts. The first part is a pilot study. We did several times of full-day investigation to find out the periods which more users appeared in the court yard. The second part is the first investigation. We made field observation for about one month with utilization of camera to assist our observation. The third part is a two-stage experiment to inspect the result of observation. The first stage is an experiment to find out proper locations for each type of seats; the second stage is a comprehensive experiment with all types of seats.
The result of observation proved that it is an effective method to find out users' environmental preference by analyzing spacial elements and conditions to decide placement of seats. We used some related pattern language to find out what the key principles are to examine a space environment and then proposed performance steps prior to the investigation. When the experiments completed, we compared the status of environmental behavior before and after. We found that people were willing to spend more time in court yard and also the frequency of activity increases. According to the results, we can learn that people are actually affected by the experiment we made. The results confirmed that enhancing the quality of the environment can be a way to encourage more types of social activities among people. In addition, Christopher Alexander emphasizes that every society which is alive and whole has its own unique and distinct pattern language. Therefore, we found out a few specific pattern language in court yard.
We proposed two kinds of application approach in conclusions and recommendations. The first one is that we provide three suggested solutions about hardware and software expecting continuing influence on people. The second one is that we propose a reference design method and process for practical experience.

並列關鍵字

environmental behavior ； use of space ； pattern language ； design process ； court yard

參考文獻

William H. Whyte (1980)《The social life of small urban spaces》。Washington, D.C.：Conservation Foundation。

胡寶林、喻肇青(1984)《台北市都市景觀計畫研究》。中原大學建築系都市設計研究室：台北市政府工務局都市計畫處委託。

Oscar Newman (1972)《Defensible space:crime prevention through urban design》。New York, Macmillan。

Robert Sommer (1969)《Personal space：the behavioral basis of design》。Englewood Cliffs, N.J.：Prentice-Hall。

1.書籍