兩願離婚制度之檢討與發展—以有未成年子女的女性為中心

兩願離婚制度經過1985年與1996年兩次民法親屬編的修法，大幅提升女性與未成年子女的權益，更設置法院解決子女親權紛爭的機制。但兩願離婚制度似乎仍有些問題，例如學者發現女性在法律資訊不充分的情況下草率離婚，或對當事人是否具備聲請法院介入子女親權紛爭的資源有所疑慮。本論文的研究目的是希望瞭解有未成年子女的女性在兩願離婚的實況究竟為何？為了獲得第一手、最真實的兩願離婚實例，本文採取質性研究的半結構式訪談法，訪談9位於1996年後兩願離婚且離婚時有未成年子女的女性，再以深描詮釋法來解釋受訪者的離婚故事，並提出兩願離婚夫妻對未成年子女親權行使協議的分析，包含子女的親權歸屬、會面交往、子女扶養義務、司法途徑對親權行使協議的影響、外籍女性配偶的困境、法律相關資訊對協議的影響。研究發現受訪者離婚前獲得充分的法律資訊，協商能力就會相對提升，有助女性達成有利於己的協議；反之，受訪者離婚前若缺乏必要的法律資訊，就會受到既定認知與經濟條件的限制，與他方協商時容易妥協或退縮，導致達成有後遺症或會面交往保障不周的協議。也發現受訪者的未成年子女就算有改定親權人的需要，但受訪者有難以發動改定親權人機制的現象，以致子女親權紛爭有被擱置的情形。因此本文建議未來應增訂戶政機關離婚宣導的程序，讓當事人於離婚登記前能獲得有關子女親權行使必要的法律資訊，以提升女性的協商能力，同時宣導得向法院聲請家事調解的法律資訊，讓女性得以善用家事調解程序替代訴訟程序來解決子女親權紛爭。關鍵字：兩願離婚、協議離婚、親權、會面交往、子女扶養義務、質性研究、深描詮釋法、家事調解

關鍵字

兩願離婚；協議離婚；親權；會面交往；子女扶養義務；質性研究；深描詮釋法；家事調解

並列摘要

Since the revision of Taiwanese family law in 1985 and 1996, it does not only improve the rights and welfare of women and minor children under the divorce system by mutual consent but also build a mechanism that courts can intervene between parents to assist with child custody disputes. However, the divorce system by mutual consent seems to have some problems, such as women lacked legal information before divorcing or parents lacked the resources to apply the changing child custody mechanism. The main goal of this study is what is the real situation that women divorced by mutual consent with the minor child? In order to collect the first-hand and the most realistic stories of divorce by mutual consent. This study takes qualitative research and semi-structured interview as the research method to interview 9 female interviewees, they all divorced after 1996 and had the minor child at the time of divorce and then explains the stories of interviewees by the method of thick description and interpretation. Next, present the findings that parents decided custodial agreements in accordance with the interview result, including custodial arrangements, visitation arrangements, child support arrangements, the impact of judicial approach on child custody arrangements, the difficulties of foreign spouses and the impact of legal information on women’s negotiation process. With reference to the research result, if interviewees get sufficient legal information before divorcing, their ability of negotiation is relatively improved, it’s helpful to make the agreements are benefit them the most. On the contrary, if interviewees lack the necessary legal information before divorcing, they are easy to make a concession when they are negotiating with their spouse, due to their ability of negotiation will be limited by their concepts and economic conditions, result in the unfavorable agreements. This study also discovers that interviewees may be unwilling or not easy to apply the mechanism for changing child custody even if the mechanism is what their children need, resulting in the disputes of child custody have been shelved. This study suggests that divorce system by mutual consent should increase a divorce advocacy process, through household administration authority provides the necessary legal information and family mediation information to improve women’s bargaining ability and let divorcing couples know there is an alternative dispute resolution could help solve child custody dispute. Keyword: divorce by mutual consent, divorce by agreement, child custody, visitation, child support, qualitative research, the method of thick description and interpretation, family mediation

並列關鍵字

divorce by mutual consent ； divorce by agreement ； child custody ； visitation ； child support ； qualitative research ； the method of thick description and interpretation ； family mediation