我國國民身分證制度及角色功能之研究—以民國36年至94年歷次換發為中心

我國國民身分證源自於戶籍登記制度，歷經民國36年至94年共6次辦理全面換發身分證，可謂歷史悠久，由於身分證所記載之事項為個人資料，為國內各公務機關與民間機構普遍採行驗證查核國民身分之首要證明文件，因此每次全面換發國民身分證都是戶籍登記制度中最重要的工作一環。而每次換發均配合政府政策變革及考量簡政便民因素需要，才改變格式及加強偽變造設計，其目的都在提昇便利辨識個人身分，讓人民安心使用等，而辦理歷次辦理換發最重要指示原則，即為讓該證能經久耐用、攜帶方便及加強防偽設計。惟近年來科技發展快速，民國94年換發之國民身分證防偽變造21種辨識功能雖符需求，但仍無法充分發揮其效能，屢有國民身分證遭偽（變）造冒領〈用〉新聞情事發生。國內立委諸公提案建議應參考吸取外國辦理IC晶片卡身分證經驗，並加入輔以生物科技辨識功能〈如虹膜及指紋〉，以符環保節能減碳政策，另在法律的保障，與確保民眾的公民權利、安全和隱私性前提下，積極研究整合現有資源，全面推行電子（IC晶片）身分證，落實數位化、Ｅ化的政府。本研究旨在以社會學及心理學為學說理論基礎，擬將國民身分證6次換發制度經歷變革，格式變化意義及防偽辨識功能增強等背景資料，逐一在文中詳細介紹陳述，並引用美國社會學家墨頓所提功能理論，以探討國民身分證於當今社會扮演之角色功能為何？另透過該學說理論和觀察訪談所得資料交叉分析比對，以窺其該證功能之所在。並運用和本研究相關之專書、論文、期刊、報章、網站等資料蒐集，逐一檢視其我國國民身分證制度建立是否健全，角色扮演是否合適明確及功能是否彰顯等，擬於本文中一一詳細介紹陳述，同時將研究所發現之問題及心得，做成結論建議，俾做為今後學術界及政府主管部門探討之課題參考。總之，經由本研究深入探析，持平而論，我國國民身分證制度尚屬健全，原設計之正向功能亦均能發揮彰顯，角色扮演也明確，惟發現目前戶政機關對身分證辨識尚缺乏較科學性的機制，以提供戶政人員作為核撥之依據，現階段許多先進國家已成功使用IC卡多年，似可借鑑，尤其對身分證應用的時代需要發展性，本研究所作的深入分析，冀能提供政府未來身分證制度與發展之參考。

關鍵字

國民身分證制度；墨頓功能論；防偽辨識功能； IC晶片身分證； E化政府

並列摘要

Our National Identification Card originated from the household register system. From 1947 through 2005, this identity card experienced six comprehensive renewals. Over the years, this has become an established identification system in our nation. Items included in the National Identification Card are personal information; it is the primary identity document widely accepted and used by government offices and civil organizations to check and verify the identity of the nationals, thus comprehensive renewals of the National Identification Card represent an affair of extremely importance for the household register system. Whenever the card renews, it is in accordance to changes in government policies, taking into account administrative streamlining and public convenience. With each renewal the identity card adopts a new format and improves on its security and anti-counterfeiting design. The purpose being to enhance the trustworthiness and convenience in identity verification, while the supreme guideline of all previous renewals aimed at a durable, portable, and forgery-proof design. However, with recent rapid technological advances, the National Identity Card issued in 2005, although the twenty one security authentication features of its forgery-proof design are in line with the demand, has yet to perform fully its effectiveness, as incidents of ID card forgery (alteration) and fraudulent claim (use) are repeatedly occurring and reported. Our lawmakers motioned that the experience on implementing integrated circuit identity card in other the countries should be considered, and auxiliary biometrics authentication feature (such as iris and fingerprint recognition) be incorporated. Under the premise that legal safeguard be established, and people’s civil right, safety and privacy not infringed, and in compliance with policy of conservation and emission reduction, they also suggest to promote ongoing research and integration of existing resources, the universal adoption of electronic (integrated circuit) card, to achieve the realization of a digital/electronic government. This research starts, with sociological and psychological theoretical basis, by presenting in detail the six renewals of the National Identification Card and the reforms of the system through the history, the significance of changes in format, the improvement made on safety and authentication features, and such background information. Secondly, by citing Robert Merton’s functionalism, it explores the role and the function the National Identification Card played in today society; by applying this theory to a cross-analysis of data obtained from observation and interviews, attempts to examine closely the identity card and its function of authentication at work. And by collecting and reviewing on diverse venues bibliographical information pursuant to this topic, determines and discuss whether we have a robust identity card system; whether the role of our National Identity Card is clear and appropriate, and its function manifest and significant. Finally, by summarizing the underlying issues and insights gained, proposes some suggestions, in hope that these might contribute as a reference for future discussion within the academia and competent government offices. Summing up the above, the through-depth Analysis of this study to be fair to our national identity card system is still sound, the original design of the forward function is also able to play to highlight the role-playing is also clear, except for findings present the government agencies in recognition of the identity cardis still a lack of more scientific mechanism to provide household administration as a basis for appropriation of, at this stage, many advanced countries have been using the IC card for many years, may wish to draw, especially for the era of id successfully entity card applications need to develop the Institute forin-depth analysis, aiming to provide a government identity card system and the development of reference.