優秀運動員運動復出歷程之研究－一種情境兩樣情

許凌岑(Lin-chen Hsu)

指導教授 ： 施致平

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/運動與休閒管理研究所/碩士(2006年)

摘要

運動退休不見得是一條遠離運動場的單行道，甚至因經驗豐富與心理素質成熟等因素，已退休運動員之復出消息時有所聞，但隨著生命的發展，運動員復出後所需面臨的困擾與退休前的情境已不可同日而語，因此，本研究之主要目的在於建構優秀運動員之運動生命史，藉以探究優秀運動員在運動復出後所面臨之困擾因素、因應策略及所得資源間的損益平衡情形，進而檢視我國現行體育政策。
基於研究目的與文獻，本研究將採取質性研究的方式進行，針對3位復出優秀運動員進行半結構式訪談，並以Schlossberg轉換模型（1981，1984）為分析其運動生命史之基礎。研究結果發現：
一、影響3位復出優秀運動員運動退休之因素與運動員對未來職業生涯發展的確定性有關，而其復出受教練影響甚大，且可視為過去運動生涯的延伸。
二、在運動生涯轉換歷程中，個人特質、環境特質與事件特質等特質要素對運動員的適應情形具有影響力，當特質要素所衍生的正面情緒以及獲得之支援資源大於負面情緒，運動員可在當中得到良好的適應。
三、優秀運動員復出後要面對的困擾因素包括生理條件退化，心理壓力、自我控制時間減少、與教練互動問題及隊友間之互動問題等，其選擇的策略包括自我調適，以及尋求家人、親密友人、非運動相關同儕或訓練單位等外在協助。
四、目前我國的相關體育政策發展未臻完全，在內容與實際應用上，仍有進步空間。
有鑑於此，本研究建議優秀運動員退休前應對未來生涯進行規劃、生涯轉換中主動尋求協助資源，復出後可善用成熟的心理素質；建議相關行政單位主動出擊，關心運動員、提供更多元與完善的協助政策且建立專業的心理諮商系統。

關鍵字

優秀運動員 ； 運動退休 ； 運動復出 ； 運動生命史

並列摘要

Elite athletes leave the competitive sports for various reasons. However, those retired elite athletes were also considered experienced and having mature metal characteristic so that might re-enter to the sport career for other various reasons. This study focused on establishing the sport life-history among those re-entrant athletes, the difficulties and individual coping strategies during transitions, the balance between assets and liabilities, and the support social networks, especially institutional support, used by transitional athletes.
Using a life-history approach, 3 re-entrant athletes were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews utilized based on the Schlossberg’s transition model (1981, 1984). The results were as follows:
1. The factors made the elite athletes retired were connected with the situations of the elite athletes’ future career, and the coaches could affect the elite athletes’ re-entry of the sport. However, the re-entry of sport could be seen as extension of ex-sport career.
2. Perception of the particular transition, characteristics of pre-transitions and post-transitions environments, and characteristics of the individuals would affect the transition process.
3. The difficulties which the elite athletes have to deal with after the re-entry of the sport including physiology problems, pressure, lacking of personal time, and communicating problem with coaches or teammates. Three elite athletes’ coping strategies included adjusting themselves, looking for support from internal support systems.
4. The institutional support was not enough for helping the elite athletes developing career.
Thus, suggestions to the elite athletes are to make career plan before retirement, look for support from institutions actively during the transitions, and use the mature metal characteristic as an advantage. Suggestions to the institution are to care for the athletes actively, provide more diversiform and better support strategies, and establish the professional counseling system.

並列關鍵字

elite athlete ； athletic retirement ； re-entry of the sport ； sport life-history

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