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  • 學位論文

馬來西亞柔佛州新山華人社會的變遷與整合(1855-1942)

The Changes and Integration of Chinese Society in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, 1855-1942

指導教授 : 陳國川
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摘要


本研究目的為探討在幫群組成複雜的移民社會裡,不同背景的華人移民如何逐漸擺脫原鄉地緣和血緣的羈絆,整合成以地域為單位的地方社會。 居於柔佛首府新山(Johor Bahru)的華人,共有潮州、廣府、福建、海南以及客家五個幫群。和馬來西亞其他地區的華人不同,新山華人各幫群之間不但無明顯的分立或衝突,反而呈現相對整合的狀態。幫群整合的具體指標體現於各幫協手共建的義山、廟宇和學校。 本研究從「地域社會」的觀點出發,以人地互動與人人關係的角度,探究1855年至1942年間,新山華人幫群的整合過程。首先說明新山地區的自然與人文環境背景,以從大尺度了解區域的產業發展以及整體社會秩序的建立;其次釐清不同時期各群體或幫群在新山的移殖、發展及互動過程,以探究在各時期主導新山華人社會的群體以及所形塑出的社會特色;第三探究各幫群互動過程中,人與地、人與人之間關係的建立與重組,最後歸納分析新山華人由幫群社會轉化為地方社會(或稱地域社會)的過程與原因。 研究認為,新山幫群整合的結果很大程度上與柔佛地區以農為主的經營型態有關。當地礦產資源的缺乏避免了因爭奪礦區所產生的衝突;世界對農產品有大量需求時,土地遼闊、位置鄰近出口市場也使柔佛熱帶栽培業有無限的發展潛能,這些自然因素形塑了本區域非競爭衝突的環境傳統。 在此環境下,尚缺乏財力和人力的統治者採取「獨尊義興」的策略,依賴此潮系私會黨為國家累積政經實力,義興公司隨即成為新山華人社會的主導者。在義興為首的時期,新山還是屬於幫群相當單純的潮州社會,其他幫群的移民人數相當零星,故幫群間的分際並不明顯。進入20 世紀以後,隨著國家機器的成熟,其對國土和經濟的控制能力逐漸加強,進而取代私會黨的功能,義興公司地位下降,在新山經營各種生意且無私會黨背景的各幫商人則逐漸取代義興公司的地位,成為新山華人社會的主導者。 後期新山的幫群結構雖已相當複雜,但新山華人社會並未因此解裂,反而延續之前較為整合的運作模式,此一結果相信與新山市街的行幫壟斷有關。行幫壟斷使各幫在非競爭關係的前提之下相互提供服務,加強彼此在日常生活中的依賴關係,這樣的街坊關係蓄積了日後彼此整合的可能性。此外,後期新山具有影響力的商人大多與中國原鄉的關係密切,對新生的「中華民國」有很強的認同感,此一更高層似的國族認同無形中也淡化了各幫之間的差異,延續了新山華人社會整合的景象。總體而言,新山華人社會的整合並非既有的事實,而是處於不斷變化的過程。

關鍵字

新山 幫群 華人移民 華人社會 地域社會 私會黨 商人

並列摘要


This article aims to investigate the formation and changes of a territorial society in the Malay Peninsula. Since the mid 18th century, numerous Chinese immigrants coming from Fujian and Guangdong Province sought economic opportunities in the prosper peninsula. By their origins and clans, these immigrants tend to divide themselves into various groups of “Bang”(幫群). Generally, interactions were stronger in ‘inter’ than ‘intra’ Bang. Economic conflicts and social tensions occurred frequently between different groups of people. The Bang relationship in Johor Bahru (hereafter “JB”) is unique, although the Chinese here were sub-divided into five distinctive Bangs, but their relationships were rather coherent. The comparatively integrated connections could be demonstrated by communal landscapes, such as burial ground, temple, and school. By the concept of “territorial society”, this article investigates the integrations between various Bang in JB since 1855 to 1942. To demonstrate this, this article first features the environment background of Johor. It then investigates the influx and the relationship of these Bangs to show their structuring and restructuring process. The article believes that, the integration of Chinese society in JB was highly base on its non competition and conflict environment. On this premise, there have two difference groups who were leading the Chinese society in specific period due to the changes of politics and economic circumstance. In mid 19th century, inhabitants of JB consist almost entirely of Teochews, the simple society was dominated by Ngee Heng Kongsi, a Teochew base secret society. During the declined of pepper and gambier economy in 20th century, the influence of Ngee Heng in Chinese society began to diminished gradually, the domination role was soon succeeded by merchants (or leaders) from various Bang. Although the social component in JB during 20th century became more complex, the Chinese society did not split up, but also follow the path of integration as before. The case of Bang integration in Chinese society of JB during 20th century may be highly related with their long-term interaction in the daily live over the past. Besides, the national identity of Chinese at that phase was also cannot be ignored. Generally, the changes and formation of Chinese society can be known as a dynamic process.

參考文獻


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