林邊溪沖積扇上糖業移民聚落的發展（1921-2011）

The Development of Sugar-Industry-Induced Settlements in Lin-Bian River Alluvial Fan (1921-2011)

潘美慈(Mei-Tzu Pan)

指導教授 ： 林聖欽

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/地理學系/碩士(2012年)

摘要

糖業在臺灣經濟發展史上佔有無可取代的地位，自十七世紀以來，「糖」是臺灣重要外貿商品之一。日治時期因日本國內砂糖需求量大與殖產興業政策之下，臺灣總督府積極經營臺灣的糖業，明治35年（1902）頒布「糖業獎勵規則」，以資本補助、確保原料、市場保護等三項措施，偏重推展以日本資本為中心的新式製糖場，奠定臺灣現代糖業的基礎。
製糖會社在面對新式製糖場龐大原料量的需求壓力下，為了確保製糖場能正常運作，多透過自有地的自營農場、租賃地的自營農場和契約蔗農三種方式力求原料的取得。主張以自作方式解決原料問題的臺灣製糖株式會社，陸續在臺灣南部購買土地並開墾成自營農場，其中又以林邊溪沖積扇上萬隆農場的開墾最為著名，可作為臺灣荒野開拓新紀元的開端。
由於農場開墾與植蔗過中，需要眾多勞力，吸引本島他處居民進入此處工作，促成萬隆農場周邊有許多會社寮（工寮）的形成。因此，本文以屏東平原南部林邊溪沖積扇上，受糖業運作影響而興起臺灣本島移民聚落─萬隆、赤山寮、海豐寮、新開寮、明發、寶水泉等聚落為研究對象，探討這些糖業移民聚落發展過程中的人與地、人與人、地與地關係。
本文首先探討林邊溪沖積扇上糖業移民聚落的形成過程，研究結果顯示，由於日治初期的林邊溪沖積扇在自然環境條件與國家政策的影響下，形成扇央地區為無人定居且拋荒的狀態。日治時期，拋荒的扇央地區在一系列殖產興業的政策影響之下，成為利於提供內地農民或資本家經營企業的國有地。
臺灣製糖株式會社依「糖業獎勵規則」、「官有原野豫約賣渡」與「年期貸渡規則」等法源，獲得林邊溪中游土地的開墾權，並在臺灣總督府林邊溪治水工程與理蕃政策的完成後，於大正10年（1921）臺灣製糖株式會社開始進行萬隆農場的開墾事業。由於要將原為礫石遍布且不利民居與耕種地扇央地區開墾成製糖農場，無論在墾荒或植蔗的過程中都需要許多的勞力，在臺灣製糖株式會社的招募之下，萬隆農場周圍陸續形成以臺南州北門郡、高雄州岡山郡、潮州郡萬巒庄與新埤庄的閩南和平埔族群所組成的新糖業移民聚落。
其次，本文透過探討林邊溪沖積扇上糖業移民聚落，不同時期下居民生活方式的轉變，得知在萬隆農場旁因糖業運作而形成的糖業移民聚落，其居民維生方式的轉變，主要受到萬隆農場經營方式改變的影響。聚落中來自不同地方的居民們透過維生方式互相串連起彼此，並在聚落中形成各式的社會網絡，上述的社會網絡，之後透過聚落居民以一個主祀神為中心所，共同舉行的祭祀活動，逐漸地被整合成一體。隨著居民居住在聚落的時間越久，聚落居民與原鄉的關係越來越弱；另一方面，透過居民維生方式，使得聚落與鄰村的關係緊密結合，並與在地關係越來越強。

關鍵字

林邊溪沖積扇 ； 萬隆農場 ； 糖業移民聚落

並列摘要

In the history of Taiwan’s economic development, sugar industry plays a crucial role. Since 17th century, Sugar has been one of the most important export products in Taiwan. In the period of Japanese Rule, because of the related policy and the domestic needs for sugar, the Japanese Government operated sugar industry vigorously.
Under this background, Taiwan Sugar Joint-Stock Cooperation bought lands in Southern Taiwan and cultivated them into sugar cane farms; of all the farms, the Wan-Long Farm, in the Lin-Bian River Alluvial Fan, was the most famous one.
The cultivation of the Farm attracted labors to come, and new settlements were formed. In this study, the development of those sugar-industry-induced settlements is discussed. The human/human, human/environment, and place/place relations of the settlement development are explained in detail.
First, the formation of the sugar-industry-induced settlements is discussed. In the early years of the Japanese Rule, the center areas of the fan was not occupied and cultivated because of the poor natural environment and national policies. However, the Japanese Government launched a series of polies later that support Japanese companies bought lands in Taiwan.
The Taiwan Sugar Joint-Stock Cooperation acquired the lands of the Lin-Bian River Alluvial Fan, and started the cultivation in 1921. As a result, the Wan-Long Farm was formed. Since the cultivation needed lots of labor, there were many immigrants, including the Hoklo people and the Pingpu people, came from Beimen (in Tainan), Gangshan and Chaujou (in Kaohsiung) and several settlements near the Farm thus formed.
The change of livelihood in those settlements is influenced heavily by the operation styles of Wan-Long Farm. People from different places connect to others by various livelihoods, and, thus, different social networks are formed. Religion integrates the different social networks and makes the whole people together. As people live longer in those settlements, their relations to their hometown are less closed, but their relations to nearby settlements are closer to each other by the practice of livelihood.

並列關鍵字

Lin-Bian River Alluvial Fan ； Wan-Long Farm ； sugar-industry-induced settlement

參考文獻

2000 〈日治時代的糖業移民聚落初探─以移民寮和農場寮仔為例〉，《環境與

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2001 〈日治時期臺灣地域社會的空間結構及其發展機制─以民雄地區為例〉，

1974 The Fourth Dimension of Geography. Annals of Association of American

一、專書