漢語「而且」與「再說」的語義、篇章、語用分析及教學應用

A Semantic, Discourse, Pragmatic Analysis of the Chinese Lexeme Érqiě and Zàishuō with Pedagogical Applications

張嘉倫(Chia-Lun Chang)

指導教授 ： 陳俊光

國立臺灣師範大學/國際與僑教學院/華語文教學研究所/碩士(2012年)

摘要

「而且」、「再說」這一組近義詞的功能與結構相近，英文翻譯也常常相同或相近，因而造成學習者的困擾。因此，本研究以Halliday（1985，1994）的三大語言純理功能系統中的概念、篇章以及人際為分析架構，探討「而且」、「再說」在語義、篇章和語用層面的功能。
在語義層面，運用抽象分析法探究「而且」、「再說」的核心語義。「而且」的核心語義為「同向性加和」，「再說」則是「強化論點」。兩者的延伸語義邏輯皆源自抽象的核心意義，多義的現象乃是隨語境以及語用需求的不同而延伸出其他的意義。遞進語義邏輯是在客觀判定的基礎上進行關聯，並列語義邏輯則是在主觀評價的基礎上進行關聯，語境在其中發揮很大的影響力。
在篇章層面，針對外顯的銜接功能，「而且」是負責承上起下，接應上文，引出下文的功能，「再說」則是負責相關話題的切換。「而且」和「再說」所連接的語言單位的信息量基本上是等同的，但在置入語境或上下文之後，「而且」後接的新信息，會因接續著以其為主位的句子而強化了其重要性，可視為是句子的焦點。「再說」則因連接的語言單位皆是用來強化論點，彼此不具可比性，所以缺乏所謂的焦點信息。在話語組織功能方面，「而且」的話語組織功能包括話題的延續、恢復和切換，「再說」則表現於驗證論點與將論點前景化。
在語用層面，「而且」、「再說」都具有會話互動功能，但各有其展現方式。「而且」的言語行為功能主要是用來爭取發言權，「再說」則是用來延續發言權，此外還有論點的主觀性和遵守禮貌原則的功能。
最後在教學應用上，檢視現行華語教材，並根據研究結果，搭配教學語法的「累進性」與「排序性」原則，設計「而且」、「再說」的各個教學階段內容。

關鍵字

而且 ； 再說 ； 核心語義 ； 話語組織功能 ； 言語行為功能

並列摘要

Érqiě（而且）and Zàishuō（再說）are synonyms that possess similar functions , structures and are often translated into the same or synonymous English. Those confuse learner a lot. Using Halliday metafunctions as the framework, the main goal of the research is to analyze three aspects of semantics, pragmatics and discourse of Érqiě（而且）and Zàishuō（再說）.
At the semantic aspect, abstraction method of analysis is used to explore the core meanings of Érqiě （而且）and Zàishuō（再說）. The core meaning of Érqiě（而且）and Zàishuō（再說）is the sum of the corresponding statements and intensify the point at issue respectively. Both their extended semantic logic derive from the core meanings, this variety of meaning is dependent upon context. Progressive semantic logic is based on the objective judgment, whereas subjective is used as a point from which coordinate semantic logic is developed.
With respect to discourse features, the function of Érqiě（而且）is to continue from the preceding paragraph and then to lead the following statement in. The function of Zàishuō（再說）acts as the role to switch the related topics. The word units which are connected by Érqiě（而且）or Zàishuō（再說）contain the same information quantity basically. However, in the full context of situation within the linguistic text, the word unit follows Érqiě（而且）can be regarded as the focus in the sentence on account of it consists of new information and itself will be the theme in the next sentence. As for Zàishuō（再說）, owing to both of the word units act on intensifying the point at issue with the same importance, sentence Zàishuō（再說）lacks of focus. In terms of discourse organization function, Érqiě（而且）reveals in making the continuation, resumption and switch of discourse topics while Zàishuō（再說）presents itself for verifying and foregrounding the point at issue.

On the pragmatic level, from the speech act function aspect, Érqiě（而且） is to acquire the right to speak during the turn taking, to the contrary, but Zàishuō（再說） is to hold the right to speak. To intensify the point at issue subjectively and comply with politeness principle are additional functions for Zàishuō（再說）.
Lastly, based upon results of the multi-level linguistic analysis found out in the research, with the cumulative and sequential of the pedagogical grammar of Chinese, some suggestions are offered to improve the teaching and learning effect.

並列關鍵字

Érqiě ； Zàishuō ； Core meaning ； Discourse organization function ； Speech Act Function

參考文獻

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