序列動作編序的年齡差異與練習效應

Age differences and practice effects on serial movement programming

林尚武(Shang-wu Lin)

指導教授 ： 卓俊伶

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/體育學系/博士(2012年)

摘要

本研究旨在探討年齡差異與動作練習對序列動作編序的影響。研究以兒童、年輕成人與老年人各12人為實驗參加者。實驗工作為手持傳感筆，連續點觸兩個目標的快速序列動作，參加者須以快又準確方式完成。研究分成兩部分，第一部分進行序列動作編序年齡差異的觀察，實驗工作第一目標大小維持恆常，而第二目標分為大或小目標情境。每種情境各10次試作，不同情境以平衡消去法加以安排；第二部分探討練習對不同年齡個體序列動作編序的影響，每位參加者在小第二目標情境進行225次動作練習。利用6自由度磁力追蹤儀 (Polhemus LIBERTY) 收集反應時間及各運動學參數。經混合設計二因子變異數分析及類化動作程式分析發現：（一）兒童、年輕成人及老年人進行序列動作時，反應時間及起始動作各運動學特徵，均受到不同後續工作難度的影響，且序列動作均由單一動作程式負責執行。然而在後續工作難度高時，老年人使用更多時間進行動作在線修正，顯示序列動作編序仍具年齡差異；（二）動作練習提升兒童、年輕成人及老年人序列動作編序速度，並藉由改變動作參數減少動作執行時間。此外，動作經驗雖不能改變序列動作程式數量，但卻造成兒童與年輕成人動作相對時宜特徵的改變，老年人則沒有此現象。

關鍵字

快速瞄準動作 ； 反應時間 ； 類化動作程式 ； 練習 ； 年齡差異

並列摘要

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of age differences and practice on serial movement programming. Twelve children, twelve young adults, and twelve older adults served as participants. The task was a rapid serial movement consisting of two targets. Participants were asked to hold a stylus to tap targets sequentially, and perform the task as quickly and accurately as possible. The study was divided into two parts. Part 1 examined age-related differences in serial movement programming. In the task, the first target size was constant, whereas there were large or small size conditions for the second targets. Each condition consisted of 10 trials, and different conditions were arranged with counter-balancing. Part 2 examined the effect of practice on serial movement programming in different age individuals. Each participant practiced 225 trails in the small second target condition. Reaction time and kinematic measures were recorded by six degrees of freedom Polhemus Liberty system. The mixed-design two-way ANOVA and generalized motor program analysis revealed that (1) when children, young adults, and older adults performed the serial movement, reaction time and the initial movement kinematics were affected by the subsequent movement difficulty, and the serial movement was implemented by a single motor program. When difficulty of the subsequent movement increased, however, older adults spent more time in on-line corrections, suggesting there were age differences in serial movement programming; (2) by practice, children, young adults, and older adults speeded up the programming of serial movement and modified parameters to decrease movement time. In addition, although movement experience could not change the number of motor program of serial movement, it did result in the modifications of movement relative timing in children and young adults, which was not the case in older adults.

並列關鍵字

rapid aiming movements ； reaction time ； generalized motor program ； practice ； age differences

參考文獻

林尚武、卓俊伶、陳重佑、楊梓楣（2010）。工作難度對序列動作編序的影響及其年齡差異。體育學報，43(4)，39-56。

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