台灣地區卵泡寄生蠅之研究

The study of foam nests infested by frogflies in Taiwan

林獻升(Lin Shian-Sheng)

指導教授 ： 呂光洋

國立臺灣師範大學/理學院/生物學系/碩士(1999年)

摘要

自1996年十月至1999年九月，於台灣各地採集六種樹蛙（rhacophorid）卵泡（Foam nest），以瞭解台灣地區蛙蠅動物相（Frogfly fauna）及分布情形。同時在台灣北部進行蛙蠅產卵行為對於卵泡外觀結構、蛙胚胎死亡率（Embryo mortality）及樹蛙生殖投資之影響。結果有四種雙翅目（Diptera）蠅類幼蟲出現於卵泡上，其中麗蠅科（Calliphoridae）越北絳蠅（Caiusa coomani）及未知種蚤蠅（phorid）生活史中，卵及幼蟲階段是依賴蛙卵塊生存，為蛙蠅。在全省各地越北絳蠅廣泛寄生在樹蛙卵泡上，共採集到803個翡翠樹蛙（Rhacophorus prasinatus）卵泡，寄生率為38%，50個莫氏樹蛙（R. moltrechti）卵泡，寄生率為24%，3個橙腹樹蛙（R. aurantiventris）卵泡，寄生率為33%，185個白頷樹蛙（Polypedates megacephalus）卵泡，寄生率為55%，3個諸羅樹蛙（R. arvalis）卵泡與101個台北樹蛙（R. taipeianus）卵泡上未曾有寄生發現。卵泡遭越北絳蠅寄生後，由於蛆吃食發育中的蛙胚胎及卵泡膠質，會導致胚胎大量死亡及卵泡腐敗液化。從野外帶回未遭寄生的四種樹蛙卵泡，胚胎自然死亡率平均為2.3-8.3%，而遭寄生的卵泡（Gosner stage 17之前），胚胎死亡率均為100%。翡翠樹蛙卵泡月寄生率有一週期性變化，與棲地月均溫變化曲線相似，夏季寄生率高，冬季少有寄生。寄生對於偏冬季繁殖的莫氏樹蛙與台北樹蛙影響極小，對於終年繁殖的翡翠樹蛙影響主要在夏季，其他季節影響較小，而白頷樹蛙因生殖季只在春夏兩季，且卵泡大都十分暴露與集中，因此影響極大。

關鍵字

樹蛙科 ； 卵泡 ； 胚胎 ； 蛙蠅 ； 死亡率 ； 族群 ； 保育 ； 台灣

並列摘要

From October 1996 through September 1999, foam nests of six rhacophorids were collected and inspected from various localities of Taiwan. A total of 803 foam nests of Rhacophorus prasinatus, 50 Rh. moltrechti, 3 R. aurantiventris, 101 R. taipeianus, 3 R. arvalis, and 185 Polypedates megacephalus were collected. Four species of dipterous flies belonging to Calliphoridae, Psychodidae, Chironomidae, and Phoridae were discovered in these foam nests. Eggs and maggots of Caiusa coomani (Calliphoridae) and unidentified phorids were depended on foam nests of tree frogs, so they are “frogflies”. Females of C. coomani extensively oviposit on foam nests of tree frogs in Taiwan. Infested percentage of R. prasinatus was 38%, R. moltrechti 24%, R. aurantiventris 33%, and P. megacephalus 55%. No frogfly was found in R. arvalis and R. taipeianus. In northern Taiwan, the infestation impact on the foam nest, embryo mortality and breeding investment is studied. Foam nests infested by C. coomani became decayed with yellow-brown glutinous liquid. The decay frog eggs and premature liquefaction of foam nests could be the result of activities of feeding fly larvae. The mean embryo mortality of non-infested nests of four treefrogs collected from study area was 2.3-8.3%, and infested ones (Before Gosner stage 17) was 100％. The pattern of monthly-infested rates of R. prasinatus varied with seasons, and this pattern corresponded with the change of average monthly air temperature. The infested rate in summer was high, and low was in winter. The infestation impact on R. moltrechti and R. taipeianus, which breed in winter, were lighter or no. The infestation of R. prasinatus, which breed all whole year, were not serious in all year expect in summer. The impact on P. megacephalus, which breed in summer, was very serious.

並列關鍵字

Rhacophoridae ； Foam nest ； Embryo ； Frogfly ； Mortality ； Population ； Conservation ； Taiwan

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