經濟發展、婦女就業與家庭變遷：台灣經驗之觀察

A Study of Economic Development , Female Employment and Family Change：The Observation of Taiwan Experience

游鴻裕(Hong-yi Yu)

指導教授 ： 吳忠吉教授

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/三民主義研究所/博士(2000年)

摘要

國立台灣師範大學三民主義研究所八十九學年度
第二學期博士學位論文提要
台灣地區經濟的發展，提高了國民所得，改善了家計生活，家庭中教育的投資支出，除了在貧富人家所出現懸殊不均現象外，在男女的投資也出現重男輕女現象。這種現象隨著教育的發展，家庭環境的進一步改善，才有所改變。
教育的發展，尤其是女性教育機會的增加，除了縮短了兩性知識與能力的差距外，女性教育的提昇也增加了女性的勞參率。隨著女性勞參率的增加，勞動市場也因應女性的加入，提供更多職場發展空間；相對地，女性由於受到婚育的影響，已婚婦女的職業大都集中在時間較具彈性的服務業因而拓展了服務業的發展空間。
女性勞參率隨著教育的發展而有增加的趨勢，不過因工作的羈絆，使得育幼與撫老的家庭照護工作趨向市場化，此雖有助於提高服務業發展空間，但也使得傳統的親子與孝道奉養關係趨於淡薄；此外，家庭中傳統由男性主導的權力結構，也由於教育的發展、女性就業率的增加，而趨向兩性平權的家庭體制。
婦女的就業除了提高女性的地位，也使女性擁有經濟自主權。傳統由女性負責家庭經營內容（育幼、護老、親子教育等工作 ），隨著兩性平權的發展轉變為男性分擔或委外經營。基本上，傳統家庭經營的內容含有濃厚的親情關懷，一旦轉為市場服務替代後，成為金錢交易的「商品 」。這種以金錢替代親情的照顧結果，易形成兒童與老人虐待問題；此外，親子關係也常以金錢來彌補，結果易導致青少年的偏差行為。
家庭經營由現行變遷現象，與未來發展趨勢觀察，隨著兩性平權後，各展抱負，致力於家庭生活資源的創造與增添，並隨所得的提高，支付能力的增加，增加育與樂的需求；但卻無暇照顧子女與家老，使得家庭撫育功能漸由學校替代，家庭照護隨著老人經濟的改善，擴大銀髮產業的發展，家庭照護品質與教養責任隨著婦女的就業，勢將增加政府的監管、學校教育與社會（家庭）配合的責任與義務。

關鍵字

勞參率 ； 家計生活 ； 教育機會 ； 家庭經營 ； 勞動工時 ； 托育服務 ； 老人照護 ； 少年教養

並列摘要

A Study of Economic Development、 Female Employment and Family
Change: The Observation of Taiwan Experience
Household investment in education in Taiwan had been discriminating against women until overall income level increased after decades of rapid economic growth. As the educational opportunity for women expanded, more and more women participated in the labor market. While most married women took jobs in the service sector, which allows them more flexible work schedule to take care of their families, the increase of female labor participation has had ramifications on many aspects of traditional family life.
The first impact on family life is a more egalitarian relationship between the sexes. As the gender gap in income and educational achievement narrowed, women became less financially dependent on their male partners than before. Many domestic chores and household obligations (such as childcare, elderly care, and the education of pre-school children) were either shared by the husbands or were taken up by paid domestic helpers.
The second impact came with the marketization of childcare and elderly care. When mothers take care of their children and their parents-in-laws in the family, it is not merely out of filial piety or moral obligation, it is also a channel for family members to cultivate their sense of belonging. Parent-child relationship became attenuated when a domestic helper replaces the mother or daughter-in-law. When childcare and elderly care became “commodities” for monetary exchange, this sense of family belonging disappears and reports of child or elderly abuse by domestic helpers were not unheard of. Some working parents gave enormous allowances to their children to compensate for their absence at home, this practice has also led to many juvenile delinquent behavior.
As Taiwan society moves toward economic development and modernization, these trends are not likely to be reversed. This means the school will be prepared to take up the childcare function from the traditional family one day. The government also has to better regulate the market of childcare and elderly care in order to ensure the quality of our future generation.

參考文獻

呂玉瑕(1983)婦女就業與家庭角色、權力結構之關係，《中央研究院民族研究所集刊》，第56輯，頁25-66。

教育部(2000)《教育統計》。

李宜靜(1993)《雙工作家庭家事分工及其影響因素之探討》。碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所。

內政部戶政司(2000)《內政統計通報》。

王金利、張英陣等著（1999）《建構周延合理的社會福利制度》。台北：中國國民黨中央政策委員會。