跨領域個案班級中師生互動的話語類型與過程技能教學的分析研究

An Analysis of Discourse Patterns and Process-Skill Teaching in a Case Study of Interdisciplinary Teacher-Student Interaction

蓋允萍(Yun-Ping Ge)

指導教授 ： 楊文金

國立臺灣師範大學/理學院/科學教育研究所/碩士(2002年)

摘要

從社會學的觀點來看，科學與數學都是社會實踐所建構的，是社群透過溝通與協商而達成的，這樣的了解與維考斯基的社會學習建構論頗為類似，認為師生的教學互動有助於知識的建構。本研究為了了解九年一貫統整課程裡同一個師生群體在不同學科領域裡的互動情形，採用人種誌研究法，長期觀察小學一年級個案班級在國語、數學、及生活等學科領域在教學互動的話語類型以及過程技能的應用情形。
研究分析所運用的話語編碼有四：引發對方回應的話語編碼為I，回應編為R，評論則為E，宣稱訊息為A。結果顯示，個案班級的話語類型共可分為兩大類，第一類是由教師引發的話語類型，依據話語編碼出現的規律，可再分成八種，分別是IRE，IRE，IRIE，IREA，IRsRtEs，AIRE ，ARnE，以及 IRnIRE；第二類是由學生所引發的話語類型，依照學生的意向可再分為主動引發的模式，以及在無意間引發的偶發事件等兩種。其中IRE最為普遍，除了ARnE及 IRnIRE之外，其餘的話語類型皆普遍地分佈在三領域中，只是分佈的頻率並不相同，並會隨著時間而有所不同。由學生引發的話語類型多集中在少數幾位學生身上，其成功率會隨著時間而增加，代表學生學會在情境裡說話。
在過程技能方面，溝通、觀察、分類、與推理是四種最普遍被應用在三個領域中的探索方式，應用方式有共同的，也有相異的。在教學應用的差異可分為直接應用與間接應用，前者多在生活課，後者則是在數學與國語課中。過程技能教學的直、間接應用導致了八種教學方式的差異，即參與者結構、參與結構、時間分配、感官應用、過程或目的、應用層次、應用順序，以及重覆練習等。
綜合研究結果，本研究建議在教學方面，教師應減低對學生的評論，嘗試新的話語互動方式，讓學生有較多自由表達與評論的機會，並可嘗試委派勝任，鼓勵中低地位的學生發言；在統整課程方面，可多提供問題解決的情境，讓學生有機會將過程能以解題策略應用出來；未來相關的研究可以嘗試了解學生與學生的互動，或小組互動的話語類型，以及此二者與師生互動話語類型的相互關係。

關鍵字

師生互動 ； 話語類型 ； 過程技能 ； 統整課程

並列摘要

Based on the sociological perspectives, both science and Mathematics are socially constituted practices through communication and negotiation among the members of community. Similar with this idea, Vygotskian learning theory recognizes the interaction between teacher and students benefits the knowledge construction in the classroom. Meanwhile, our recent educational reform tends to have interdisciplinary curriculum in elementary school level. The environment offers this case study to examine how teacher and pupils interact across Mandarin, Mathematical and Life Science lessons. Adopting ethnographical methodology, we intend to observe a first-grade classroom in a natural setting to find their discourse patterns and ways of applying process skills.
Four codes are employed in our analysis when dealing with the interaction corpus. I is initiation, R is response, E is evaluation, and A is announcement. The classification of discourse patterns results in two categories: the first one is for those initiated by teacher, while the second is initiated by students. The teacher-initiated discourse patterns can be further divided into eight subcategoies according to the patterns revealed by the codes. They are IRE, IRE, IRIE, IREA, IRsRtEs, AIRE, ARnE, and IRnIRE. However, intended events and contingent events are the only two models subordinate under the student-initiated category. Among all those models, IRE is the most prevalent; the others are distributed differently in these three kinds of lessons except ARnE and IRsRtEs. The distribution varies not only from models to models but also from time to time. Most of the intended events are initiated by very few of the students. And their initiations can be more easily accepted in the later months of the first semester. It indicates that the students have learned how and when to speak in the context of the class organization.
The comparison of pedagogical application of process skills shows that communicating, observing, classifying, and inferring are the most common inquiry skills across the three kinds of lessons. Some teaching similarities are shared among the lessons, while eight variations are due to explicit or implicit applications of these skills in the class. They are participant structure; participation structure; time distribution; ways of sensation; the objective of interactions; cognition levels; implementation order; and practice patterns.
Pedagogically, our results suggest teacher reduce the evaluation turn which might create more opportunity and room for students to talk publicly. Teacher can also try the assigning competence to encourage middle or low status students to utter in the class. We hope our interdisciplinary curriculum can provide more problem solving contexts to facilitate students the ability of applying process skills as a strategy. Finally, investigating what the discourse patterns are from the students-students interaction and group interaction, even their interrelationships, are expected for the further study.

並列關鍵字

teacher-student interaction ； discourse pattern ； process skill ； interdisciplinary curriculum

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