想像空間中的地方意識：烏托邦、反烏托邦與網路空間的空間認知

A Sense of Place in Imaginary Space: Cognition of Utopia, Dystopia, and Cyberspace

林尹星(Yin-hsin Lin)

指導教授 ： 史文生教授

國立臺灣師範大學/文學院/英語學系/博士(2003年)

摘要

本論文旨於闡述地方意識(sense of place)能將現實生活中的空間經驗轉移至想像的空間與地方，影響我們對想像空間的接受與體驗，有助於主體區域身份認同(subjective territorial identity)的形成，進而抵擋抽象空間對這身份認同的侵蝕。本論文的理論基礎建為喬治•雷可夫(George Lakoff)的慨念比喻(conceptual metaphor)與亨利•拉佛維(Henry Lefebvre)的三層次空間生產理論，說明空間比喻為地方意識的轉載工具，影響我們對烏托邦、反烏托邦與網路空間等想像空間的接受與體驗。
本論文首章介紹地方概念，就人與地方的關係來探討地方意識，並指出空間比喻能將地方意識的社會經驗轉化為文字經驗。第二章以烏托邦的概念為一空間比喻，說明它如何將現實生活的空間經驗轉移至想像空間中。而地方意識正來自於此一空間經驗，影響讀者對烏托邦中想像空間的認知。第三章論述安全與認同為地域化(territoriality)的兩大元素，足以左右烏托邦與反烏托邦的邊界問題。安全與認同上的考量可為人與地方區域化的重要因素，而區域化則運作於許多重要烏托邦與反烏托邦作品的背後，影響其想像空間的構成。第四章討論重要反烏托邦作品中影音媒體的政治力量，它介入人與地方之間，破壞區域空間的完整性，這使得讀者感受不到地方意識的存在。末章以建築化、區域化與全面化等三類空間比喻來呈現網路空間中地方意識的運作，並以「旅行者」的空間比喻來說明地方意識實為空間認知的重要元素，即使網路空間都必須藉空間比喻轉載現實世界中以地方意識為重心的空間經驗。

關鍵字

地方意識 ； 空間比喻 ； 概念比喻 ； 區域化 ； 烏托邦 ； 網路空間

並列摘要

This thesis argues that in our spatial cognition of utopias, dystopias, and cyberspace, sense of place transfers our spatial experience of the lived world to the imaginary spaces and places, influences the way we receive and perceive their spatial representations, and contributes to forming a subjective territorial identity that stands in confrontation with the encroachment of conceived, abstract space. By applying George Lakoff’s theory of conceptual metaphor and Henry Lefebvre’s three-fold spatial concepts, this thesis shows how sense of place is facilitated by spatial metaphors and how it works behind our reception and perception of the representations of imaginary space that sustain literary utopias, dystopias, and cyberspace.
The first chapter introduces the concept of place, discusses sense of place in terms of the relationship between people and place, and indicates that metaphors can convert social experience of sense of place into a literary one. The second chapter deals with utopia as a spatial metaphor capable of mapping onto the imaginary space the reader’s spatial experiences. Sense of place derives from one’s spatial experience with the lived world and influences the way he/she experiences the imaginary place of utopia. The third chapter argues that security and identity are two major factors of territoriality that bear special relevance to the problem of utopian/dystopian boundaries. Considerations of security and identity justify the territorialization of people and place, which works behind the spatial formation of major utopias and dystopian novels. The fourth chapter shows how the media represent another form of power’s interpolation into people’s lives in dystopia. This forceful insertion breaks into the relationship between people and place and breaks down the integrity of people’s territory. The reader of dystopia experiences no sense of place. The last chapter demonstrates that the extensive use of spatial metaphors in computer networks focuses on three major categories: architectural, territorial, and global metaphors. It also argues that the traveler metaphor foregrounds the importance of sense of place in our spatial cognition that it carries transfers spatial experience of the lived world to the imaginary space of computer networks.

並列關鍵字

sense of place ； spatial metaphor ； conceptual metaphor ； territoriality ； utopia ； cyberspace

參考文獻

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. Tristes Tropiques. New York: Atheneum Press, 1975.

I. Primary Sources

Campanella, Tommaso. The City of the Sun: A Poetical Dialogue. Trans. Daniel J. Donno. Berkeley: U of California P, 1981.

Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World. London: Flamingo, 1994.

II. Secondary Sources