害羞特質、社會評價與臉孔表情對國小高年級兒童視覺注意力之影響

林龍達

指導教授 ： 張文哲 ； 林世華

國立臺灣師範大學/教育學院/教育心理與輔導學系/碩士(2007年)

摘要

本研究旨在：
一、探討害羞特質、社會評價、刺激類型之間對國小兒童視覺注意力的影響。
二、探討害羞特質、社會評價、刺激類型對眼睛注視行為的影響。
三、探討國小兒童對威脅刺激在不同時間區間的視覺注意力差異。
研究結果發現，在初始階段社會評價與臉孔表情對國小兒童視覺注意力有交互作用。維持注意力階段，害羞特質、社會評價與臉孔表情對國小兒童視覺注意力有交互作用。研究者推論，相較於低害羞特質者，高害羞特質者在有社會評價情境下對平靜刺激類型更容易產生警覺。低害羞特質者在有社會評價情況下會忽略平靜刺激類型，注意其他刺激類型，根據選擇性注意力的觀點，個體會透過忽視一些刺激以增加某些刺激的顯著性。在有社會評價的情境下，低害羞特質者也會選擇性注意情緒性臉孔，符合情緒性刺激理論。
本研究發現，眼睛部位的視覺注意力更能敏銳的反應出社會評價的影響。研究者認為可能是因為同理心對國小兒童的觸發反應，比威脅刺激的觸發反應更迅速、強烈，促使國小兒童在初始階段迅速且持續關注他人悲傷的眼神。
關於對情緒性刺激類型(正向和負向)的警覺、逃避反應前人研究多以成人為主要對象，本研究則以國小五年級兒童為對象，比較時間區間之間的視覺注意力差異，研究結果大致上和前人研究吻合，清楚顯示高害羞特質者或高焦慮者在兒童時期就已經對情緒性刺激有警覺或逃避反應。

關鍵字

害羞 ； 社會評價 ； 臉孔表情 ； 視覺注意力 ； 眼動 ； 國小高年級兒童

並列摘要

The main purpose of this study is to explore：
1. How do shyness trait, social evaluation and face expression impact the fifth grader’s visual attention ?
2. How do shyness trait , social evaluation and face expression impact fifth grades
children’s eye contact behaviors ?
3. What are the differences in the amount of time of those children’s visual attention to the menace stimulus (anger face expression) given different time intervals ?
It is found that social evaluation and face expression interacts with children’s visual attention at the initial attention stage (0-500ms) , and there is interaction among shyness trait ,social evaluation and face expression with children’s visual attention at the maintained attention stage(500-1000ms).
The author infers that compared to the low-shy, the high-shy are more vigilant to the neutral face expression when they aware of being social evaluated. And the low-shy may neglect the neutral face expression and pay attention to other face expressions when they aware of being social evaluated.
According to attention selection theory, one might add salience of some stimulus by neglecting other stimulus.
When being social evaluated, those low-shy also select and pay attention to the emotional face expression which corresponds to emotional stimulus theory. In this study, it is found that visual attention to eye position could affect that impact of social evaluation much more than that to other position of face.
The author considers that empathy primes the children’s reponse and that is faster and stronger than menace stimulous does and it makes those children at initial stage pay attention to others’ saddess eyes more rapidly and constantly.
Most of the previous studies on the vigilant or avoidant responses to emotional stimulus selected adults as study samples, but this study selects the fifth graders as study samples and takes the comparison of visual attention given different time intervals. Overall ,the result of this study is similar to the outcomes found in the previous studies. It is clearly that the high-shy might already show a vigilance-avoidance pattern to menace stimulus in their childhood.

並列關鍵字

shyness ； social evaluation ； facial expressions ； visual attention ； eyemovement

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