中高齡志願服務者服務場域、社會支持、生命健康資訊對死亡態度的影響

本研究旨在了解參與志願服務的中高齡者是否會因其不同服務場域而讓他們對於死亡態度產生差異；中高齡志願服務者所得到的社會支持是否會影響他們對於死亡的態度；以及知悉生命健康相關資訊是否會讓中高齡志願服務者對死亡產生不同的想法。研究採用實體及線上的問卷調查法，以「中高齡者死亡態度量表」為主要測量工具，同時詢問他們的志願服務場域、社會支持與對於生命健康資訊知悉的狀況。研究對象為臺北市年滿四十五歲之中高齡志願服務者，正式樣本採取分層抽樣，共發出661份紙本問卷及97份線上問卷，在回收488份紙本及線上問卷後，首先去除未滿45歲的填答者，以及系統性遺漏者，再以平均數插補法進行資料的修正隨機遺漏值，最終獲得471份完整有效問卷。本研究先對紙本受訪者及線上受訪者進行檢測，發現紙本（376份）及線上問卷（95份）的結果在死亡態度五面向都有顯著性的不同，因此，本研究最後只採用紙本問卷資料（376份）。本研究有將近四成的受訪者同時從事兩種以上的志願服務工作，而且當中有近五成的志願服務者已經服務滿九年以上，從此研究結果可知，志願服務是一種長期投入時間、體力、心血的活動，除了可能成為退休生活的興趣與樂趣，亦能發展成一種全新樣貌的生活風格。從階層式線性迴歸分析結果得知，信仰天主教/基督教、離婚、自覺健康狀況、從事生態環保類型、志願服務年資、與生命健康相關具體行為都與負向死亡態度（死亡恐懼、死亡逃避）相關；而性別、信仰佛教/道教/一貫道或天主教/基督教、已婚有偶、子女數、自覺健康狀況、社會支持程度以及生命健康資訊接收都與死亡接受（趨近導向的死亡接受、逃離導向的死亡接受、中性導向的死亡接受）相關。本研究最後根據研究結果提出對未來政策、實務社會工作、及研究的討論與建議，以期對中高齡志工的死亡態度有更深入的了解及有效的應用。

關鍵字

志願服務場域；社會支持；生命健康資訊；死亡態度

並列摘要

The present study intends to understand a few main research questions: whether the older volunteers’ death attitudes differ by the volunteering types? Does the social support that older volunteers receive influence their death attitudes? And whether receiving health/life-related information influences older volunteers’ death attitudes? Using survey methods with both paper and online questionnaires, information about types of volunteering, social support, life/health information, and the Death Attitude Profile-Revised（DAP-R）was included. The sample was from volunteers who were 45+ and provided services in Taipei City, and among 661 questionnaires distributed, 488 were valid. After performing mean imputation, 471 cases with complete data retained. Additional test was conducted to detect whether respondents for the paper-based survey was similar to those who completed survey online. We found respondents of the paper（n=376）and online（n=95）surveys were quite different in their death attitudes. Therefore, this study only included those who completed paper questionnaires（n=376）. Descriptive findings show that nearly 40% of the interviewees in this study are engaged in more than two types of voluntary services at the same time, and nearly 50% of them have volunteered for more than nine years. This result suggests that volunteering can beis an activity older adults invest their time and energy in. Such activity can thus be considered as a new type of retirement life. Findings from the hierarchical OLS regression models show that Catholic/Christian, divorced, self-rated health, environmental types of volunteering, years of volunteering, and health-life-related behaviors are all relate to the negative aspects of death attitudes （Fear of Death and Death Avoidance）, whereas sex, Buddhist/Taoist/Kuan Taoist, Catholic/Christian, married, number of children, self-rated health, social support, and health-life-related informations are related to the acceptance of death（Acceptance, Escape, and Neutral Acceptance of Death）. Based on the research findings, suggestions for policy, practice, and future research are proposed.