全球化程度對國家創新績效之影響－已開發與新興工業化國家之比較性研究

本研究以縱橫資料迴歸（panel data regression）為工具，採用瑞士的經濟形勢研究所（簡稱KOF）編製之全球化總指數（Index of Globalization，簡稱IG）及其三個構面：經濟全球化、社會全球化和政治全球化，作為國家全球化程度之替代變數，探討2005年至2010年，全球化程度其對已開發國家（GDP超過2萬美元，計有十六個樣本國家）與主要新興工業化國家（GDP低於2萬美元，計有十六個樣本國家）創新績效之影響。除KOF指數外，本研究根據以往文獻，採用了五個得自世界銀行（World bank）之控制變數：現金收入(稅收及社會貢獻)、使用智慧財產權之付費、高科技占製造業出口值、研發經費占國民生產毛額的百分比、國民生產毛額；至於國家創新績效指標(被解釋變數)共有三項，則引用聯合國世界智慧財産權組織(World Intellectual Property Organization，WIPO)公佈之世界各國專利權數、商標權數及工業設計權數。實證結果發現，（一）已開發國家全球化總指數之正向影響效果高於經濟全球化、社會全球化、政治全球化三個指數影響效果之加總，故提升國家全面全球化即能提升國家創新績效。（二）新興工業化國家應適度開放政治全球化，才能提升國家創新績效。（三）使用智慧財產權之付費對新興工業化國家工業設計權數，為顯著且負向影響，建議新興工業化國家應提升自身研發產品的能力，才能提升國家創新績效。（四）無論是已開發國家或新興工業化國家，控制變數中國內生產毛額之變動，皆有助於國家創新績效提升，可見國內生產毛額才是影響所有國家創新績效之重要變數。

關鍵字

創新績效；全球化指數；專利；商標；工業設計

並列摘要

This study takes panel data regression as a tool, adopting Globalization Index of KOF and its three dimensions : economic, social and political globalization as proxy variables of degree of national globalization, to investigate the effects of degree of globalization on the innovation performance of developed countries (GDP per capita more than 20,000 U.S. dollars , total sixteen sample countries ) and emerging industrialized countries(GDP per capita less than $ 20,000 , there are sixteen total sample countries ). In addition to KOF index , this study adopting five control variables that derived from World Bank : Revenue (Charges for the use of intellectual property), payments(Charges for the use of intellectual property), receipts (the percentage of High-technology exports on manufactured exports), Research and development expenditure., GDP per capita. As to the national innovation performance indicators, there are three: the number of patents in the world, number of trademark and number of industrial design rights that cited from the World Intellectual Property organization (WIPO). Empirical results show that (a) the positive effect of globalization index of developed countries is higher than the summation of the effect of economic, social and political globalization. Thus, enhancing all dimensions of globalization of nation is able to enhance innovation performance of nations. (b) Emerging countries should moderately deregulate political globalization in order to enhance national innovation performance. (c) The payment of using intellectual property has significant and negative effect on the number of industrial design rights of emerging countries, suggesting that emerging countries should promoting their own product development capabilities to enhance national innovation performance. (d) Whether in developed or emerging countries, the change in the GDP per capita of control variables both contribute to the national innovation performance improvement. It shows that the GDP per capita of all countries is an important variable affecting innovation performance.