由於地形的限制,西部海岸平原一直是台灣的發展重心,農地轉用為建地在都市與經濟發展的過程中,也成為了最常見的土地使用變遷模式。土地使用變遷除了影響農業景觀格局外,也影響了農地之生態系統服務,而農地景觀在變遷的過程中,也會對生態系統服務產生影響,因此本研究主要聚焦於探討農地景觀格局變遷與生態系統服務變化之間的關聯。目前相關研究在農地景觀格局與生態系統服務上的討論相對稀少,且在研究方法方面,也尚未出現景觀指數與能值分析之間的結合,故景觀指數與能值分析之方法論結合,以及農地景觀格局與農地生態系統服務間關聯性的討論,為本研究最主要的突破與貢獻。 為了解台灣西部海岸平原農地資源在都市化過程中的流失情形,並探討農地流失對生態經濟系統的影響,以及思考水稻田在台灣西部海岸平原的價值,本研究以景觀指數分析台灣西部海岸平原1971-2006年景觀空間格局變遷,再結合系統生態學探討景觀變遷對農地生態經濟系統的影響,最後以台灣農地景觀中最具代表性之水稻田作為案例分析對象,深入探究水稻田的生態價值。透過景觀指數分析,本研究發現台灣西部海岸平原整體景觀碎裂度提高、多樣性上升,雖然農地在研究期間一直是景觀基質,然而農地面積的大幅縮減,使得農地在整體景觀碎裂過程中的破碎程度最為嚴重。而透過生態經濟能量分析,可以發現1971-2006年台灣西部海岸平原各鄉鎮市的農地系統,從對灌溉水的高度依賴轉向對財貨勞務的高度依賴,而農地系統也逐漸必須投入更多的經濟成本才能夠維持農業產出水準,經濟資本密集的農業系統也因而更加深了對環境造成的壓力,故西部海岸平原各鄉鎮市的農業系統正朝向對環境較不永續的發展方式。本研究挑選七個案例地區進行水稻田案例分析,發現水稻田的規模形狀影響了農業系統中經濟成本的比例;水稻田的流失也影響了水文與洪災調節功能,增加了環境脆弱度。整體而言,案例分析結果顯示出在相同面積的景觀格局中,若能保留越多面積比例、或越大塊完整的水稻田,對於現今的農業系統與環境的永續性將會帶來正面的效果。
Due to the mountainous topography in the central and the east, most of the population is concentrated on the western coastal plain of the island of Taiwan. More than one sixth of agricultural lands in Taiwan’s western plain has been converted to other uses during 1971 to 2006 due to the rapidly developed industry and high population density. The loss of farmland ultimately results in the reduction and degradation not only of its food production function but also of many other agro-ecosystem services. This research focuses on the changes in spatial patterns of agricultural land in the western coastal plain of Taiwan and the effects of agricultural landscape change on agro-ecosystem services. Several landscape metrics are chosen to study the agricultural landscape change in the western coastal plain of Taiwan. Besides, to study how agricultural landscape change affects the sustainability of environment, this research incorporates emergy synthesis to evaluate the changes in ecological energetic flows of agricultural system in 1971 and 2006. Paddy rice fields are an important agricultural landscape type not only in Taiwan but throughout Eastern Asia. Seven sites, each 2 km × 2 km, which represent the paddy rice landscape in the peri-urban areas of northern, central and southern Taiwan are selected as sample areas. Landscape metrics and ecological energetic analysis are applied in this research to study the relationship between the change of paddy rice landscape and its agro-ecosystem service loss. As a result, the analysis reveals that agro-ecosystem services are related to the spatial configuration of paddy rice field. Maintaining more paddy rice fields will help to improve the environmental sustainability in agricultural landscape. The ecosystem services of agricultural lands can also be enhanced through the planning of the spatial configuration of agricultural land use.
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