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  • 學位論文

國家機密與新聞自由的界限

The Boundary between State Secrets and Freedom of Press

指導教授 : 許春金
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摘要


媒體為了迫切追求特定資訊,極易與政府引發衝突。而雙方爭議的焦點,主要在於何種資訊應該保密、何者應予公開,特定資訊公開與否究係由何人決定之認知差距過大。 本研究採以比較法學及案例分析並進。比較法學以美國「資訊自由法」及2則重要判例為主;案例分析係搜尋國內近10年來新聞記者涉入洩漏國家機密案件資料5例。希能一來探討國家機密外洩事件中,政府機關內部之管控機制;二來研究國家機密與新聞自由爭議事件中,涉案公務員、媒體工作者在犯罪學領域中的角色定位;三來期盼政府、媒體、社會對於國家機密與新聞自由的界限建立共識。 參證美國與我國相關法令,搜集國內相關論文、期刊、官方及媒體次級資料。就國內案例5則,先行個案描述,再就政府機關人員、案關公務員、記者及媒體業者、學者專家之反映意見,按項分析,瞭解國家機密與新聞自由的相對比重;嗣就政府管控機制及媒體自律之迷思,試予提醒,並獻建議。 研究發現,國家機密與新聞自由爭議之癥結,在於公務員違法犯紀,洩漏國家機密,溯源政府機關內部管控機制失靈失序是重要因素,而且負責督考之長官也難辭其咎;其次才是市場競爭激烈、渴求獨家報導之媒體業者、記者。研究結果如下: 一、反映意見彙整結果,除了當事人不認有罪之外;政府機關人員認為新聞自由應顧及國家機密保護原則;惟媒體人員及學者專家,傾向主張捍衛新聞自由。 二、洩密犯罪,涉案個人係以中立化技巧理論(自圓其說及否定非行)之心態面對社會;政府各單位之間、政府與媒體之間,經常隱藏或顯現著本位主義的較勁與衝突,沖擊著洩密事件發生,也是不肖公務員趁機犯罪因素之一。 三、案關傳媒8家,媒體工作者13人;惟記者洪哲政一人被判一年有期徒刑,緩刑三年;記者迄無一人被判入監服刑。司法對於洩密或揭弊之定紛止爭,不外情理考量。 本研究建議政府健全內部控管機制、監察院查弊務盡、立法與司法配合運作,俾能除弊興利。畢竟,任何自由價值的追索,都應該是永無止境的,並且受到民主體制下「憲政主義」(Constitutionalism)與「法治主義」(Legalism)的積極保障才是。職此之故,相信司法正義,應係國家機密與新聞自由較為妥貼的界限。

關鍵字

國家機密 新聞自由

並列摘要


Conflict between Government and Press arises readily as the press eagerly seeks specific information. What lies in the center of argument, as the focus, is the awareness gap concerning information transparency and decision-making of information release. The approach takes in parallel comparative jurisprudence and case study: comparative jurisprudence focuses on Information Law of United States of America and 2 important legal precedents; cases study, on the other hand, collects five precedents where journalists were involved into disclosure of state secrets confidentiality. This study aims to discuss the control system inside the government institutions in response to the disclosure of state secrets confidentiality. In the meantime, it is to study the role positioning of public officials and journalists in the dispute of state secrets and freedom of the press. Last and thirdly, this study looks forward to a consensus among Government, Press, and the society on the boundary of state secrets and freedom of press. With regards to regulations of legal leading USA and Taiwan, this study refers to thesis, journals, news articles, and web site. For five domestic cases, it briefs the case first, followed by sectioned and analyzed opinions expressed by public officials, journalists and media, government and judiciary, and scholars to understand the relative proportion between state secrets and freedom of press. It also explores the individual and group positioning from the angle of “Neutralized Technique Theory” and “Conflict Theory.” The study shows that the Conflict between Government and Press results mainly from the misconduct of public officials by revealing the state secrets as well as their supervisors who fail to perform inspection. Next to it is Press looking for exclusive stories to survive the intensive competition. Study result is highlighted as follows: A. In additional to defendants pleading not guilty , public officials declares freedom of the press should not jeopardize the protection policy of state secrets. However, media and scholars incline to freedom of the press. B. In a crime of disclosing secrets, defendants justify themselves by “Neutralized Technique Theory.” The contest and conflict among government departments and between Government and Press, boosting the frequency of disclosing secrets, are one of the reasons why public officials commit crime. C. The lawsuits involved 8 media and 13 journalists. Among them, only 1 journalist was sentenced for 1 year with probation for 3 years and none of them were sent to prison. The verdict is in reason when it comes to a lawsuit against disclosure of secret or malady. This study suggests Government securing its internal ruling mechanism, Control Yuan investigating misconduct, and Legislation cooperating with Judiciary to extinct malady. After all, the pursuit of freedom should not be banned and further be vigorously protected by Constitutionalism and Legalism.

並列關鍵字

State Secret Freedom of the Press

參考文獻


Adler, E. & Barnett, M.
Bush, George Walker
2002 The national security strategy of the United States of America. White House.
1992 Newsgathering, Press Access, and the First Amendment, 44 STAN. L. REV. 972
Foerstel, Herbert N.

被引用紀錄


徐念慈(2011)。公務員揭弊行為與洩密罪責之衝突與調和 ―國家實驗研究院國家太空中心案例分析〔碩士論文,國立臺灣大學〕。華藝線上圖書館。https://doi.org/10.6342%2fNTU.2011.10454

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