台鐵遞遠遞減費率制度之研究

臺鐵票價採用標準里程費率制度已逾半個世紀，值此時刻，臺鐵內部研商東部費率優惠暨票價合理化方案之際，欲重新評估遞遠遞減費率制度實施之可能性，本研究遂於此一背景之下展開。鐵路建設投入之固定成本龐大，符合邊際成本遞減的規律，很自然地符合了遞遠遞減票價訂定之精神。然而臺鐵之里程費率必須符合民國76年立法院通過之「鐵路運價計算公式」，故本研究須在不變動費率公式的情況之下，研議票價遞遠遞減制度。本研究先透過分析臺鐵之各項運量、收入資料，以對於臺鐵之營運狀況有所把握，同時回顧票價訂定之相關文獻，了解實施遞遠遞減制應考量之因素以及造成的影響。在政策面、經營面、競爭面、需求面等考量之下，提出費率遞遠遞減之規則，依「僅東部幹線實施遞遠遞減制」、「全線實施遞遠遞減制」以及「臺鐵捷運化票價方案結合遞遠遞減制」三種情境，設定不同之費率調控參數，包括費率重心、調整幅度參數k、費率微調參數p，按情境研擬數個方案，並研議方案評估辦法，最後提出各情境之下本研究的建議方案。此外，本研究未進行費率對於運量之影響預測，也建議發展敘述性偏好及個體選擇模型，使本研究估算之加權平均費率與收入之結果更為準確。

關鍵字

遞遠遞減費率制；臺鐵；票價；費率結構

並列摘要

It’s been over the half century since Taiwan Railways Administration (TRA) adopted the flat distance-based fare structure. Meanwhile, TRA propose the rationalized fare plan combined with preferential treatment concernig the eastern populace, and thus TRA reconsider the feasibility of the tapering-rate fare system. Accordingly, this research was begun under the circumstances. A large amount of fixed railroad facilities costs results in diminishing marginal costs, as a matter of course the tapering rate system is adapted for TRA. However, the fare structure of TRA must be accordance with fare formula authorized by the Legislative Yuan in 1987. Therefore, we ought to draw up the tapering fare structure under the premise of this fare formula. In order to have HSR’s business overview in hand, we began to analyse various kinds of carrying capacity and income data. Simultaneously, we reviewed the literature about pricing principle and fare structure to understand the cause and the effect while implementing the tapering rate system. After considering the transportation policy, the commercial business, the market competition and the demand, we brought up the rules of the tapering fare system. We designed three scenarios for TRA in this research : 1. The tapering rate program will be implemented merely on the eastern railroad. 2. The tapering rate program will be fully implemented. 3. The zonal fare program of local train will be implemented and combined with the tapering rate structure. We set up different parameters in this research to manipulate the tapering-rate fare formula including “the weighted class of the income”, “the range parameter(k)” and “the fine tuning parameter(p)”. Moreover we prepared three alternatives for each scenario and developed the measure to evaluate these alternatives. In conclusion, we proposed the best alternative in each scenario. In addition, we suggetsed developing the stated preference and the discrete choice model to estimate the average weighted fare and the balance of the total income accurately.