終戰前苗栗客家地區鸞堂之研究

Study on Flying Phoenix House in Miaoli Hakka Area Before the End of WWII

周怡然(Yi-Jan Chou)

指導教授 ： 吳學明

國立中央大學/客家學院/客家社會文化研究所/碩士(2008年)

摘要

終戰前苗栗客家地區鸞堂之研究
摘 要
本文以苗栗地區為例，討論日治時期鸞堂信仰在苗栗客家地區的傳布與發展，探究新竹鸞堂對苗栗客家地區的影響以及苗栗鸞堂的多元發展。分析日治時期鸞堂運動對苗栗關帝信仰的影響，並藉由區域研究討論文人仕紳在鸞堂中的角色，以及鸞堂信仰在社會變化下的因應。

苗栗鸞堂主要分佈在客家地區，在日治時期鸞堂戒煙運動的風潮下，流行於新竹地區的鸞堂信仰，透過文人網絡、族群與地緣關係，迅速在苗栗客家地區傳開。在新竹三大鸞堂系統的交互作用下，苗栗鸞堂逐漸發展出自己的鸞堂體系，不但呈現了地區性的網絡傳布，也在外在社會變遷影響下呈現出多元的發展方向，並隨著日治時期客家族群的二次移民將鸞堂信仰傳布出去。
鸞堂信仰吸納了儒釋道三教的思想觀念，透過積善成神的功過觀念，鸞堂信仰創建了一套神國官僚系統的想像。在文人仕紳的主導下，鸞堂的規約、扶鸞儀式與敬惜字紙的觀念都充滿了濃厚的文人色彩。文人與鸞生是文人階層的不同面向，鸞堂信仰藉由文人的交遊網絡相互傳遞，文人仕紳在鸞堂中找到心靈的慰藉與自身追尋的目標。鸞堂信仰在苗栗客家地區的發展，在日治時期宗教政策的變化下呈現了民間宗教的彈性，與地方菁英在殖民統治下的柔性反動。
從清代的拓殖守護神到日治時期的恩主公，苗栗的關帝信仰不斷加入新的元素，關帝廟宇也從拓殖時期的點狀分佈到日治時期風行客家地區的信仰網絡，反映出關帝神格的多元與民間信仰的活力與彈性。

本研究的成果有四：第一，本文透過對苗栗鸞堂的區域研究，探討了日治時期鸞堂信仰在客家地區的傳布網絡與方式，並在建立苗栗鸞堂系統的同時，對新竹鸞堂的發展有更進一步的認識。第二，本文建立了日治時期苗栗客家地區的文人網絡，並驗證了鸞堂文人結社的特質。第三，本文透過個案的討論，分析鸞堂信仰與家族、地方社會的關係。第四，本文藉由討論關帝信仰發展的歷史進程，呈現了日治時期鸞堂信仰的發展對苗栗客家地區的影響。

關鍵字

客家 ； 鸞堂系統 ； 日治時期 ； 戒煙運動 ； 文人 ； 書院 ； 關帝信仰

並列摘要

Study on Flying Phoenix House in Miaoli Hakka Area Before the End of WWII
Abstract

This study has taken Miaoli as an example to discuss the spread and development of faith in Flying Phoenix House in Miaoli Hakka area during the Japanese colonial period. The effect of Hsinchu Flying Phoenix House on Miaoli Hakka area and the diversified development of Miaoli Flying Phoenix House will be discussed. The effect of Flying Phoenix House campaign on Miaoli Kuan Ti faith during the Japanese colonial period will be analyzed. Besides, the role of literati and gentlemen in the Flying Phoenix House and the change of faith in Flying Phoenix House under the change of society will be studied.

Miaoli Flying Phoenix House is mainly distributed in the Hakka area. In the Flying Phoenix House giving up smoking campaign under the Japanese colonial period, it was the faith in Flying Phoenix House pervading in Hsinchu area. Through the scholars'' network, ethnicity, and geopolitics, it was spread rapidly in Miaoli Hakka area. Under the reciprocation of three major Flying Phoenix House systems, the Flying Phoenix Houses in Miaoli had gradually developed the own Flying Phoenix House system. It did not only reveal the regional distributing network, it also revealed diversified development under the change of soceity. With the second emigration of Hakka ethnicity during the Japanese colonial period, the faith of Flying Phoenix House had been spread outside.

The faith of Flying Phoenix House has attracted the idea of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Through the idea of accumulation of merits to become god, the faith of Flying Phoenix House has created an imagined bureaucratic system of the supernatural country. Under the leadership of the scholars, the rule of Flying Phoenix House, Fu-Luan ceremony and the concept of respecting the culture were full of scholarly tint. Scholar and chairman were two different aspects of the scholarly level. The faith of Flying Phoenix House was spread through the human network of scholars. Scholars and gentlemen found the consolation of soul and their targets in the Flying Phoenix House. The development of faith of Flying Phoenix House showed the flexibility of folk religion and the soft reactionary of local elites under the influence of religion policy during the Japanese colonial period.

Starting from the Colonized Tutelary God in Qing Dynasty to En Chu Kong in Japanese colonial period, new elements had been added to the Kuan Ti faith in Miaoli constantly. The Kuan Ti Temples from isolated distribution during the colonized period to network distribution in Hakka area during the Japanese colonial period, it reflects the diversification of Kuan Ti godhood and the vigor and elasticity of folk faith.

There are four achievements in this study. First, through the regional study of Miaoli Flying Phoenix House, this article has discussed the spreading network and approaches of faith in Flying Phoenix House during the Japanese colonial period. In addition to building the system of Miaoli Flying Phoenix House, the development of Hsinchu Flying Phoenix House has been further understood. Second, this article has built the scholar network in Miaoli Hakka area and verified the characteristics of scholars of Flying Phoenix House forming the association. Third, through the case study, this article has analyzed the relationship between the faith in Flying Phoenix House, and families and local society. Fourth, through the discussion of developing process of Kuan Ti faith, this article has showed the influence of development of faith in Flying Phoenix House during the Japanese colonial period on the Miaoli Hakka area.

並列關鍵字

Giving Up Smoking Campaign ； Japanese Colonial Period ； Flying Phoenix House System ； Hakka ； College ； Scholar ； Kuan Ti Faith

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