臺灣客家宣教：以臺灣基督長老教會「客家宣教中會」為中心

Taiwan Hakka Mission: Taking The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan “Hakka Mission Presbytery” as Center

古儀瑩(Yi-ying Ku)

指導教授 ： 吳學明

國立中央大學/客家學院/客家社會文化研究所/碩士(2012年)

摘要

本文主要探討臺灣基督長老教會「客家宣教中會」之成立與發展。1980年代起有一群牧者提倡設立客家中會，以確立宣教之主體，並擁有宣教之自主性。在這過程中經歷了許多討論，透過文獻資料和口述訪談來了解「客家宣教中會」的歷史與變化，以及客家地區之教會在加入或不加入客家中會時的考量為何。
長老教會傳入臺灣始於1865年馬雅各醫生（Dr. James L. Maxwell）開始在南部展開宣教，而北部地區的開端則是加拿大馬偕牧師（Rev. George Leslie Mackay）於1872年到淡水進行宣教。南、北部宣教師們各自在其教區宣教、管理。宣教師來臺之初便學習當時臺灣人口佔大多數的福佬人的語言，以便溝通和傳講基督教訊息。南、北部的宣教師們曾到過客家地區宣教，但少有宣教師刻意學習客語來傳教，仍以福佬話為主要的宣教語言。
為了增加客家地區的宣教資源，1950年代起便有牧者組織客家宣教相關單位，以及將聖經翻譯成客語。至1980年代後，臺灣基督長老教會總會設置「客家宣教委員會」，負責全臺灣之客家宣教工作，聯繫各中會辦理相關事務。長老教會是以「中會」為宣教主體的架構，中會管理所屬教會的財產和人事，一些客籍牧者認為唯有成立客家中會才能真正進行客家宣教工作，因此開始進行籌備、舉辦研討會、說明會等，以新竹中會（範圍含括桃園、新竹、苗栗、臺中）客家地區的教會為主，說服各客家地區教會加入並成立客家中會。2000年因加入之教會僅13間，未符合規定之15間教會，先成立「客家區會」，其中自新竹中會轉出12間，自高雄中會轉出一間美濃教會。2007年教會數量達到15間，升格為「客家宣教中會」。經客家委員會於2004客家人口調查報告顯示，全臺灣客家人口佔50%的地區有49處，以此比照加入客家中會之教會數，差距甚大，本文將探討教會加入或不加入之因素。
本文之研究成果有三個貢獻。第一，透過文獻資料及口述訪談，了解臺灣基督長老教會客家宣教及客家中會之歷史。第二，釐清客家宣教中會之現況與問題，宣教不分族群。第三，受社會變遷影響之下，客家文化(語言)難以在客家地區之教會被使用及呈現。

關鍵字

臺灣基督長老教會 ； 客家宣教 ； 客家教會 ； 客家宣教中會 ； 客語

並列摘要

This paper mainly discusses the set up and development of the The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (PCT)’s “Hakka Mission Presbytery”. Since the 1980s, a group of pastors promoted the establishment of Hakka Presbytery. It was established mainly for missionary and the mission had autonomy. Through a lot of discussion, literature and oral interviews during the process, we understand the history and evolution of “Hakka Mission Presbytery” as well as what are the consideration and reasons for churches in Hakka area to join or not to join the Hakka Presbytery.

Presbyterian Church came to Taiwan in 1865 when Dr. James L. Maxwell started the mission in the southern while in the northern part it was started from Canadian Rev. George Leslie Mackay’s missionary in 1872 at Danshui. Ministers in the South and the North declared their missions and management in their parish. At the beginning when the missionaries came to Taiwan, they studied the Hokkien language which was the language most Taiwan population spoken at that time in order to communicate and preach the Christian message. Southern and northern missionaries also visited the Hakka area for missionary, but they rarely deliberately learned the Hakka language to preach. Most of them still used the Hokkien language for the main missionary language.

In order to increase the missionary resources of the Hakka area, since the 1950s there were priests organized Hakka missionary units as well as translated the Bible into the Hakka language. Until the 1980s, PCT set up a “Hakka Mission Committee” responsible for the entire Taiwan Hakka missionary work and for contact with each mission and handled related matters. The Presbyterian Church used “Presbytery” as efforts of the main ministry structure to manage Church property and personnel. Some Hakka priests believed that only by setting up Hakka Presbytery could start Hakka missionary work, so they started the preparation and organization of seminars, briefings etc. mainly in Hsinchu Presbytery (ranged included Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Taichung) Hakka areas. They convinced various churches in Hakka area to join and set up a Hakka Presbytery. In 2000, there were only 13 churches joined 15 churches failed to comply with the provisions. Firstly they set up the “Hakka Presbytery”, in which 12 churches were transferred from Hsinchu Presbytery and a Mino Church was transferred from Kaohsiung Presbytery. In 2007, Church numbers increased to 15 and was upgraded to a “Hakka Mission Presbytery”. In 2004 Hakka Mission Committee’s population survey report showed there were 49 places in Taiwan where the Hakka population accounted for 50% of the population. It was a great gap compared with the numbers of Hakka churches. In this article we will explore the factors of the church to join or not to join the mission.

The findings of this paper have three contributions. First, through literature and oral history interview we understand the missionary of the PCT’s Hakka Mission and Hakka Mission Presbytery history. Secondly, we clarify the current status and problems of Hakka Mission Presbytery and the mission regardless of ethnicity. Third, under the influence social changes, Hakka culture (language) is difficult to be used and presented in churches of Hakka areas.

並列關鍵字

Hakka Mission Presbytery ； Hakka Church ； Hakka Language ； The Presbyterian Church in Taiwan(PCT) ； Hakka mission

參考文獻

臺灣基督長老教會總會《第47屆通常年會報告書》2000年客家宣教委員會報告。

臺灣基督長老教會總會《第48屆通常年會報告書》2002年客家宣教委員會報告。

林美容，《信仰、儀式與社會》，臺北：中央研究院民族學研究所，2003年。

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