Previous studies have shown that bilinguals are associated with more effective executive control compared to monolinguals. The present study extends the understanding on this issue by investigating whether cognitive advantages exist when comparisons are made between multilinguals and bilinguals in tasks for executive functions. The flanker task, n-back task, and task-switching paradigm were applied to examine three components of executive functions (i.e., inhibition, updating, and shifting) and to explore the underlying neural substrates in bilinguals and multilinguals through simultaneous monitoring using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Behavioral results suggest a smaller n-back effect in multilinguals than in bilinguals. Two language groups performed similarly in flanker and switch tasks. Although bilinguals and multilinguals did not show differences in the flanker task using NIRS, different patterns were obtained in the bilateral BA 44/46 and BA 44/45/46 using the n-back task and switch task, respectively, suggesting discrepancies of executive functions between bilinguals and multilinguals.
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