本篇研究主要在於比較近代數十年以來有關臺灣與美國在國防與軍事領導指揮體制變革的研究。臺灣與美國在近代為了因應國內外局勢與國防軍事戰略目標等的變遷,兩國都進行了重大的國防與軍事領導指揮體制的改革。其中臺灣最為重要的是在2002年所實施的「國防二法」,它奠定了臺灣現今的國防軍事體制,也就是朝向「強幹弱枝」的理論思維來發展,就有如中國北宋皇朝所實施的國防軍事體制;而美國則是在1986年的「高華德─尼可斯國防部重整法案」(Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defence Reorganization Act of 1986)之後,確立了日後美國的國防軍事體制,它有持續「權力下放」的發展趨勢。 本文將從臺灣與美國所實行的國防軍事戰略的目標,以及所進行的國防與軍事領導指揮體制的改革出發,來說明雙方改革前後的國防與軍事領導指揮體制的差異。其次,將藉由比較政治中「最具相似性的系統設計(Most Similar Systems Design)」來比較兩者的國防與軍事領導指揮體制的發展,以分析出兩者主要的差異因素,藉以分析臺灣與美國何以採取不同的國防軍事領導指揮的體制。最後,將從「攻守勢現實主義」以及「文人統制」等理論的概念來說明臺灣與美國的國防與軍事領導指揮體制的發展。
This research is to compare the national defense and the military leadership command system between Taiwan and the U.S. over the last decades. In modern times, for facing the situation of internal and external with the national defense and the military strategic changes, Taiwan and the U.S. have carried out a major reform of the national defense and the military leadership command system. For Taiwan’s national defense, the most important is the “National Defense Law and the Amendments to the Ministry of Defense Organic Law” in 2002, it has established Taiwan’s national defense and the military system. Meantime, it was toward to the centralization theoretical thinking, such as China Northern Song Dynasty’s national defense and the military system. On the contrary, after the U.S. proclaimed the “Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986”, the U.S.’s national defense and the military system were continued to the trend of the devolution. This thesis discusses with the national defense of Taiwan and the U.S. military strategic, it includes the national defense, and the military leadership command system. Besides, the thesis illustrates the background of reform in the national defense and the military leadership command system. And then, it manipulate the “most similar systems design” to compare the different element of the national defense and the military leadership command system between the Taiwan and the U.S. Finally, it analyses why Taiwan and the U.S. take a different national defense and the military leadership command system. At last but not least, it uses the theory concept of “offensive and defensive realism” and the “civilian control” to illustrate the development of the national defense and the military leadership command system between Taiwan and the U.S.