兒童言談理解的因果和指稱詞推論歷程研究

在言談理解的歷程中，因果推論和指稱詞推論在建構連貫性的心智表徵扮演著關鍵的角色。台灣兒童推論能力之發展文獻較為缺乏，加之中文理解歷程之獨特面向：零代詞之推論發展之研究更是匱乏。因此，本研究旨在瞭解六歲幼兒和七歲學童在理解中文極短文時，其離線和線上因果與指稱詞推論之發展情形。針對29名六足歲幼兒，30名七足歲兒童，運用「視覺世界研究」的眼球追蹤方法，同步呈現視覺和聽覺的刺激材料，即時的追蹤推論歷程，並且讓幼童在聆聽完極短文訊息後回答問題，以答對率呈現離線推論歷程。採用重覆測量三因子混合設計變異數分析（2×2×2），探討高、低因果關連程度以及明顯代名詞、零代名詞不同類型的訊息對六、七歲幼童進行因果推論和指稱詞推論的影響情形。結果顯示，隨著年齡愈大，幼童進行因果與指稱詞推論的凝視目標圖畫區的答對率愈高。再者，無論是離線或是線上的資料均顯示，因果推論是中文幼童言談理解過程中相當重要的認知歷程。至於指稱詞推論的部分，可以發現六、七歲幼童已經具備線上明顯代名詞和零代名詞推論的現象，但是卻無法反映在離線推論的表徵上。綜上所述研究發現，本研究提出未來探討因果和指稱詞推論的研究議題以及教學實務互動層面的具體建議。

關鍵字

指稱詞推論；因果推論；理解發展；推論能力

並列摘要

The mental presentation of causal inference and anaphoric inference play critical role in the processes of discourse comprehension. Studies about inference ability of Taiwanese children are rare. Moreover, it is deficient in the studies of Chinese comprehension about the development of zero anaphor. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the 6 and 7-year-old children’s development in the aspect of on-line and off-line causal inference and anaphoric inference. Twenty-nine- six-year-old and 30 six-year-old young children participated in the study. The paradigm of “Visual World Studies” were used to synchronize the visual and audio stimuli material in the study in order to track the on-line inference processes. Young children answered the comprehension question after listening each short story, and the accuracy rate of the questions represented the off-line inference index. Three-way ANOVA mixed design was applied to explore the effects of causality (high/low) and anaphoric resolution (overt/zero pronoun) on 6 and 7-year-old young children. The finding showed that the older the children, the higher accuracy in causality and anaphoric resolution. Furthermore, no matter off-line or on-line data showed that causal inference was a very important cognitive process during Chinese young children’s discourse comprehension. In terms of anaphoric inference, the results showed that there were significant effects on on-line overt-pronoun and zero-pronoun inference, but no such significance on off-line representation. To sum up these findings, suggestions on future research and instruction are provided.

並列關鍵字

causal inference ； comprehension development ； inference ability ； anaphoric inference

參考文獻

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國際替代計量

兒童言談理解的因果和指稱詞推論歷程研究

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