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  • 學位論文

高齡社會趨勢下台灣女性老人貧窮及勞動參與之性別差異分析

Gender Differences Of Labor Participation And Old-Age Woman Poverty In the Ageing Socities of Taiwan

指導教授 : 周玟琪
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摘要


高齡化趨勢下,平均餘命的提升而增加的老年人口,加上少子化現象,老年經濟安全保障越受重視,依據我國主計處2012年的家庭收支調查報告,65歲以上戶長中47.7%處於五分位中的第一級,全年家戶可支配所得於301,362元以下,老年貧窮現象已經可見徵兆。 檢視我國老年經濟安全保障金字塔,第一層「法定公共年金」、第二層「法定職業退休金」其基本社會保障來自於工作參與的投保,因而本文檢視性別勞動行為差異,透過官方統計資料整理發現,我國約55%已婚婦女曾因婚育及其他原因離開職場,而再重回職場約需6年的時間。女性在勞動市場有「服務業女性化」的特性,然而「服務業低薪化」的現象,也使得女性在職場中的薪資較男性為低。女性低薪資及年資中斷的現象,將導致於女性請領的相關老年給付或年金時,較男性為低。另外,透過國民健康局2003年、2007年「台灣地區中老年身心社會生活狀況」既有的統計資料的驗證下,發現50~64歲女性儘約20%經濟來源為自己的工作收入,其他為依賴配偶或家人,且65歲以上女性約60%為喪偶狀態等。 在政策建議上,本文建議應提升中高年齡女性的勞動參與率,透過政策方案就業機會的提供,做為二度就業婦女重返職場的橋梁。減少勞動市場對於中高年齡的就業歧視,提供必要的職業訓練、培養第二專長等,提升中高齡婦女自我技能,減少再就業的怯志感,以利有效提升婦女勞動參與率。藉由美國「老人社區服務就業計畫(SCSEP)」、日本年金政策等,提供我國相關年金及高齡者的勞動參與的參考,希望能協助高齡者獲得經濟自立、提升個人老年經濟安全保障。

並列摘要


Under the aging trend, increasing elderly population and declining birthrate phenomenon, the elderly economic security is more be attention. Acceoding to Taiwan ‘‘The Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, 2012’’, the over 65 years household 47% of the quintiles in the first stage, the annual household disposable income only under 301,362 dollars. Of that we can see the old-age poverty sign. The first layer "statutory public pension" and the second layer "Statutory occupational pension" of our elderly economic security pyramid, all basic on the work participation, so we will see the gender differences in labor practices. Through official statistics data, we can found that about 55% of married women had to leave the workplace, and then return to the workplace is about 6 years. Women in the labor market "services feminine" characteristics, however, "services low-wage" phenomenon that make woman wages more lower than man in the workplace. The low wage and the work seniority interrupt of woman, will make more less old-age benefits and annuity than man. In addition, the Bureau of Health Promotion Department of Health 2003 and 2007 ‘Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and Elderly’, show us the woman aged 50 to 64 about 20 percent of economic source of income from their work, other come from spouse or family and over 65 years old woman about 60 percent of widowed. And we suggested that should raised high labor force participation rate of women, by providing policy options employment opportunities for women returning to the workplace and job as a bridge. So that try to reduce employment discrimination in the labor market for high age, to provide the necessary vocational training, developing a second skill. Elderly women in self-enhancing skills, reducing the sense of discouraged with reemployment in order to facilitate the effective promotion of women in the labor force participation rate. Finally, by the United States will be " Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP)" and Japan’s Pension Policy, provide annuities and elderly labor force participation policy a reference, and to help the elderly obtain economic self-reliance, to achieve a meaningful life. Elderly individuals and thus enhance economic security and reduce difficulties in falling into poverty in old age.

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