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  • 學位論文

家庭暴力事件加害人處遇期間再犯因素之探討-以雲林縣為例

The Investigation of Predictive Factors for Duration of Batterers Relocation of Domestic Violence -- Take Yunlin County as an Example

指導教授 : 鄭瑞隆
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摘要


雲林縣家庭暴力通報案件呈現年年成長的趨勢,裁定認知教育輔導處遇人數逐年增加,據主管機關統計顯示,接受處遇的加害人再通報率約介於8%~20%之間,本研究探討曾受處遇加害人在保護令期間的再犯因素。欲了解家暴加害人主觀認為被判保護令與強制處遇所帶給他生活上具體的影響;了解處遇計畫,對加害人與被害人相處方式帶來的影響;了解加害人再犯事件發生時的情境與心理狀態,並確認促發其不遵守處遇計畫且再犯家暴行為之關鍵因素;了解加害人個人在再犯事件後的轉變。本研究以質性研究的方法進行,採多個案、多元資料來源,分析7位經由雲林縣家庭暴力防治中心委託台大醫院雲林分院精神科進行認知教育輔導的加害人的書面鑑定資料及深度訪談內容。 從分析鑑定報告書發現穩定靜態危險因子的早期不良的原生家庭與人際經驗,型塑人格障礙與衝動行為模式;合併動態危險因素中受訪者近期挫折壓力導致家庭暴力案件發生,有人格與情緒控制問題者易再犯。從訪談內容發現加害人對保護令態度負向有敵意,向他人控訴造成個人生活衝擊變化,核發初期會暫時壓抑負面情緒,且戰且走。進入團體後獲得他人理解與情緒支持、學員間共鳴共謀,輔導課程會提升加害人對法律與社會規範的見解、學會覺察高危險情境,發展出暫時的阻斷方法,發展出節制飲酒的策略,也受到團體歷程中重大事件的啟發,返家後會暫時緩和衝突對立。 造成加害人於社會監督期間再犯因素的『社會環境情境因素』有長期累積的失業或工作不穩壓力使情緒失控,外配-認知與文化習慣及語言差異使衝突升高,將暴力合理化為管教子女,暫時性的阻斷策略失敗;『生理病理因素』有外歸因-把責任推給別人及酒精,以此卸責;『心理病理因素』主因為人格障礙因素或精神狀態不穩定,合併有害怕失去控制與重新取得控制的矛盾衝突,未意識到自己已非年輕,被害人的需求已不容忽視,驗證性偏誤疑心外遇,想像與恐懼關係會終止。再犯事件後加害人會轉變透過第三者溝通、希望藉由關心孩子的行動逐漸軟化被害人的態度,努力投入工作改善經濟(示弱求和),忍住不要立即反應(稍後再談),再度確認節制飲酒的目標及方法,改變相處態度,順從被害人,再犯後增加正向的生活作息及社交活動,也有加害人出現絕望感與欲自殺逃避再犯事件後受懲罰而累積的壓力。 研究結論,加害人挫折壓力承受能力不佳,而心理病理因素一日不除,暴力就如影隨形,若能勘破因果,孽緣也會變善緣,再犯事件後的因應是改變暴力模式的契機。研究者建議修法要積極進行三級預防提升民眾提升民眾(含加害人)的道德感、法律常識與守法態度,對兩造間倡導修復式正義,要修法加強加害人輔助,檢討違法罰則不足以預防犯罪的不足處,要增加輔助加害人的社工師,並提升加害人處遇之專業效能。此外要強化處遇輔導課程的療效,建議法官要多裁長期的強制處遇輔導,給加害人改變自己的機會,要建制加害人的家庭訪查及關懷輔導機制,並強化認知教育處遇專業人員的督導制度,建議設立專業化的強制戒酒機構及輔助資源,設立治療成效評估的委員會以督促加害人改變。

並列摘要


The case numbers of domestic violence in Yunlin county increased during the past decades. Subjects who were judged for receiving cognitive and educational counseling also grew up. According to the statistic analysis from the governing authority, re-reporting rate of ones who received batterers relocation is among 8-20%. This study is aimed to explore the factors related with repeated perpetration during a protection order. Our major purposes include: understanding the subjective feeling of batterers who were judged to receive compulsory relocation; understanding the influence of the relocation to the relationship between batterers and victims of domestic violence; understanding the situation and psychological state of repeated perpetration; confirming the key factors of non-compliance to the relocation plan; and observing the change of batterers after the repeated perpetrating events. We hence designed a multi-case study. Qualitative method was adopted to analyze seven cases of batterers who received cognitive counseling program in National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch. By analyzing the appraisal reports, we noticed that unsatisfying family and interpersonal experience before adulthood are important static risk factors which cause personality disorder and impulsive behaviors. Among the dynamic risk factors, recent frustration is related with domestic violence, and the combination with static risk factors significantly increases the risk. Most batterers showed hostile attitude to the protection order and tended to tell others that it causes huge impact to their life. In the beginning of receiving the protection order, they usually inhibit the negative emotions. After starting a group psychotherapy, mutual emotional support and understanding gradually developed. Educational classes can enhance their understanding to legal and social rules, and help them to identify high-risk situations. Coping methods may be developed during the process of group therapy, and it cause the elimination of conflict with family members. Social and environmental factors which are related with repeated perpetration include: chronic occupational stressors causing emotion out of control; the different language and culture of the partner inducing the conflicts; rationalization the violence as "educating children"; temporary failure of coping strategies. Biological factors are externalization and use of ethanol. Psychological factors include unstable emotional status and personality disorder; the ambivalence between fear of losing control and getting control; the ignorance of the need of victims; confirmation bias toward extra-marital affairs; and imagination of the termination of partner relationship. After the event of repeated perpetration, the batterers may try to communicate with the assistance of a third person; to concern their children for changing the attitude of victims; to work hard for improving economic condition; to control the emotional impulse when facing conflicts; to confirm the principles of quitting alcohol; to change their attitude for reconstruct the relation with victims; to build a stable life schedule and increase positive social interaction. However, hopelessness and suicidal ideation for avoiding the stress were noticed in several cases. We conclude that the low frustration tolerance is key factor of repeated perpetration, and the management after a repeated event provides a chance to eliminate the violence. We suggest legislation amendment proposals for enhancing the moral feeling and common knowledge in law of people; encouraging the repairment of the relationship between the batterers and victims; increasing the social workers for counseling of the batterers; and enhancing the efficiency of the batterer relocations. Besides, we recommend to increase the long-term batterer relocations and provides the batterers more chance to change themselves; to construct a home-visiting and concerning program; to build a professional organization for compulsory abstinence; and to set a administration committee for evaluating the effect of relocation. These methods may be helpful for lowering the risk of repeated perpetration.

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