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  • 學位論文

漢北青銅文化之興起:從石家河到盤龍城

指導教授 : 郭靜云
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摘要


一般認為中國青銅技術來自西方,並且興起於黃河流域,而長江流域的青銅文化則是受到外地影響而產生。不過隨著長江流域出土眾多精美青銅器,對長江流域青銅文化的既有解釋便逐漸難以自圓其說,長江流域青銅文化的來源與發展成為問題。筆者整理較缺乏重視的長江中游(兩湖地區)青銅文化的考古資料後,發現漢水北岸地區在青銅文化初興時期處於關鍵的地位。   長江中游青銅文化初興時的石家河文化和盤龍城文化,即是以漢北為中心。過去的觀點多認為石家河文化和盤龍城文化毫無繼承關係,而盤龍城文化的中心是否位於漢北也有爭議。但筆者分析之後發現石家河文化和盤龍城文化的確存在繼承與發展的關係:陶器器形、陶器紋飾、房屋建築、墓葬習俗,和青銅器鑄造技術,大部分在石家河文化已出現,並且由盤龍城文化傳承,顯見此地的青銅文化在公元前2800年至公元前1300年的漫長時光中,綿延不絕,並且逐步發展。   此外,盤龍城文化的中心亦確認應該是漢北的盤龍城遺址,該地最早發明諸多盤龍城文化代表器物,也出土許多該時代之最:包括最大的城牆遺跡、最大的貴族墓葬、最大的龍窯、最大的冶鑄遺跡、最大的青銅圓鼎、最長的玉戈,以及出土最多的青銅器、硬陶及原始瓷器、玉器、綠松石,另尚有金器出土,其富強程度可見一斑。   以往多認為石家河文化因天災而過早衰亡,盤龍城文化為外來的入侵者,但是這一說法無法解釋何以早已滅亡的石家河文化傳承不息;而外來入侵的盤龍城文化卻傳承諸多石家河文化因素,並且少有外地文化因素,因此這段歷史的解釋經常自相矛盾而又模糊不清。但其實石家河文化與盤龍城文化有著傳承關係,此一歷史的失落環節因而扣上,重現了當時居於長江中游的先民們,即使經歷苦難,仍然守著祖先基業,並且發揚光大,開創另一個強盛時代的古老故事。

並列摘要


Generally, scholars approve that Chinese Bronze Age cultures raised in the Yellow River Basin, and the origination and development of the Bronze Age culture in the Yangtze River is a result from the transimission of exotic bronze technology. However, along with the discovery of numerous exquisite bronze artifacts in the Yangtze River, the conventional interpretation of the Bronze Age culture in the Yangtze River Basin should be reconsidered. Therefore, after sorting some neglected archaeological data from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, I find that the north shore area of Han River was located in a key position in the early Bronze Culture. Centered in the north shore of Han River, Shijiahe culture and Panlongcheng culture are aboriginal Bronze Age cultures in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. In the past perspective of these two cultures, there is none inheritance between them, and the center of Panlongcheng culture is also another dispute. According to the analysis of pottery morphology, pottery decoration, house construction, funeral customs and bronze casting technology, the inheritance and development between Shjiahe culture and Panlongcheng culture does exist. Obviously, in 2800BC to 1300BC, the tradition of aboriginal bronze culture is not like so called discontinuous but sustained development and cumulative evolution. In addition, I confirm that the Panlongcheng Site is the center of Panlongcheng culture, as there are numerous typical artifacts and era’s best, including the largest city wall, the largest noble tomb, the largest dragon kiln, the largest metallurgy remain, the largest bronze round tripod, the longest Jade Ge and the largest number of unearthed bronze artifacts. Their prosperity is evident. There is an assumption that Shijiahe culture was prematurely declined due to natural disasters and Panlongcheng culture is created by foreign invaders. But it’s a fallacy that such an absurd assumption can’t explain why the extinct Shijiahe culture was inherited by Panlongcheng culture and why huge amounts of aboriginal elements but not exotic one occupied Panlongcheng culture. Dictated by such an outdated assumption, the interpretation of the period history is often contradictory and ambiguous. Actually, this paper demonstrate the important inheritance relationship between Shijiahe culture and Panlongcheng culture. On one hand, a lost part and misunderstanding gap of history has been filled. On the other hand, this paper reproduce the glorious history that ancestors in the middle reaches of Yangtze River, even though suffering, still follow their tradition and create another golden age.

並列關鍵字

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參考文獻


石璋如,〈河南安陽後崗的殷墓〉,《中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊》,第13本,1948年,頁21-28。
郭靜云,〈由禮器紋飾、神話記載及文字論夏商雙嘴龍神信仰〉,《漢學研究》,第二十五卷,2007年2期,頁1—40
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