墾丁國家公園地景變遷與銀合歡入侵之關係

The Relationship between Landscape Change and Invasion of Leucaena leucocephala in Kenting National Park

吳坤真(Kun-Jen Wu)

指導教授 ： 陳朝圳

國立屏東科技大學/農學院/森林系所/碩士(2010年)

https://doi.org/10.6346/NPUST.2010.00170

摘要

墾丁國家公園位於台灣恆春半島南端，受到土地利用的轉變，致使銀合歡(Leucaena leucocephala)大量擴散成為生態危害力最高的入侵種；墾丁國家公園25年的經營階段中，陸續新闢觀光景點及遊憩區，遊客人數增加已帶來經濟活動改變及生態衝擊；如今地景破碎與外來入侵種被視為生物多樣性衰退的主要原因；本研究目的是以地景變遷研究，探討變遷後地景結構對銀合歡入侵之影響。蒐集1988、1997及2009年之多期SPOT衛星影像，以最大概似法進行土地利用分類，利用不同時期土地利用類型之面積變遷及地景指數之計算，探討土地利用變遷與地景結構變化之影響；並應用2009年航空照片繪製銀合歡空間分布，探討土地利用類型及土地使用分區之銀合歡入侵現況；計算地景指數及銀合歡面積比例，以卡方獨立性檢定探討地景破碎程度與銀合歡入侵程度之關聯性；以相關分析探討銀合歡面積比例與地景指數變化的關係。結果顯示，墾丁國家公園範圍內，以高植生量植群所佔面積最大為8104.36 ha，低植生量植群面積則減少至465.34 ha主要有47.11%轉移成中植生量植群及建成地(10.56%)，建成地與裸露地之面積則有逐漸增加的趨勢；在地景結構變遷方面，全區地景結構以2009年最為破碎，各類型中以高植生量植群變遷趨於穩定，中植生量植群與低植生量植群由於人為建設與作物的栽植，使地景嵌塊體有破碎化之現象，各計畫分區以一般管制區及特別景觀區地景結構變化較大，生態保護區及史蹟保存區變化最小；2009年銀合歡分布面積共約872.3 ha，入侵中植生量植群約609.02 ha及一般管制區約819.54 ha為分布最多。以銀合歡面積比例與地景指數分析得知，地景破碎程度與銀合歡入侵程度具有關聯性，相關性分析以最大嵌塊體指數呈負相關，與Shannon’s地景多樣性指數呈正相關。

關鍵字

土地利用變遷 ； 地景指數 ； 地景結構

並列摘要

Kenting National Park (KTNP) is located on the most southern part of Hengchuen Peninsula in Taiwan. The land-use change of this area has resulted in a great spillover by Leucaena leucocephala which has become a serious invasive alien species. With 25-year management history, KTNP administration office has been constantly developing some new scenic spots and recreation areas for tourism purposes, which have led to an increase of visitors and a shift of economic activities and some ecological impacts as well. Now, the landscape fragmentation and alien invasion species have been identified as fundamental reasons for biodiversity degradation. The purpose of this study is based on the landscape change data to explore the impact of landscape structure on the invasion of Leucaena leucocephala after landscape changes. The multi-temporal SPOT satellite images of the years of 1988, 1997 and 2009 were collected to classify the land use types with maximum likelihood method. The territory of the land use change areas and index of landscape in different periods were calculated for studying the effects of land use change on the variation of landscape structure. By using the aerial
photographs to map invasive distribution of Leucaena leucocephala and explore the land use types and land use zoning of their invasion conditions, and then compute landscape index and the area proportion of Leucaena leucocephala to explore the independency of the degree of landscape fragmentation and the degree of invasion of Leucaena leucocephala with chi-square analysis. Besides, correlation analysis was used to explore the relationship between the area ratio of Leucaena leucocephala and landscape index change. The results of this study have shown that the largest area is high-density vegetation which covers 8104.36 ha, and the low-density vegetation area is reduced to 465.34 ha due to transforming into the mid-density vegetation (47.11%) and construction area (10.56%), the construction area and bared areas tend to increase in the development region within KTNP. In the aspect of landscape structure change analysis, the landscape fragmentation is the most in 2009. Among the land use types, the high-density vegetation is stable gradually. The mid-density vegetation and low-density vegetation landscape patches are fragmented due to hardware construction and crops cultivation. There is a greater change in the general control area and specific scenic area and less change in ecological protection area and historical area. The distribution area of Leucaena leucocephala was 872.3 ha in 2009. Invasion distribution in mid-density vegetation is the most about 609.02 ha and the general control area is about 819.54 ha. The proportion of Leucaena leucocephala and landscape index analysis showed that there is a relationship between the degree of landscape fragmentation and the invasion level of Leucaena leucocephala, The correlation analysis has shown that the correlation of the largest patches index is negative, while the Shannon's diversity index is with positive correlation.

並列關鍵字

Land use change ； Landscape index ； Landscape structure

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