本研究利用顯示性比較優勢(Revealed Comparative Advantage, RCA)探討東協主要產業的出口競爭力,同時分析影響東協各國出口競爭力的主要因素。 實證結果顯示,在礦產與石油業以越南、印尼與馬來西亞競爭力較佳;在鞋類業以越南、柬埔寨與印尼競爭力較佳;在漁業以越南與印尼較具有競爭力;在木材業則以印尼、寮國與馬來西亞競爭力較強。在咖啡及茶葉的顯示性比較優勢表現最好的國家為越南、寮國及印尼等三國。而在東協肉類及海鮮食品業之顯示性比較優勢中,以泰國和越南的表現最佳。再者,東協陶瓷業在世界市場中,於越南跟泰國的比較優勢較佳,其他國家的比較優勢大致衰退。此外,2005~2009年東協鋼鐵業在世界市場中,具有比較優勢的國家為泰國、馬來西亞和印尼,其他國家較弱或不具比較優勢。 在出口競爭力的影響因素方面,除了肉類業與鋼鐵業不顯著之外,資本比例對其他6項產業RCA值都呈現正向的影響。勞動生產力對於礦產業、鞋類業及咖啡業之出口競爭力呈現負向的影響,可能由於高的勞動生產力,工資較高反而不利於出口。城市人口比例對礦產業出口競爭力則有顯著正向的影響。至於礦產資源、海岸線、森林資源、咖啡與茶葉產量、及黏土與玻璃工業的發達程度都對相關產業出口競爭力有顯著影響力。 由此可知,欲提高東協八項產業的出口競爭力,各國政府應加強資本設備的投資。同時善用低工資的優勢,發展勞動密集產業。並利用天然資源及地理環境的有利條件,發展礦業、漁業、木材業、陶瓷業、以及鋼鐵業等相關產業,則才有助於提高出口競爭力。
This study used the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to investigate the export competitiveness of ASEAN major industries, and analyze the main factors that affect the export competitiveness of ASEAN member countries. Empirical results suggested that, in terms of the mineral oil industry, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia demonstrated higher competitiveness; in the footwear industry, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Indonesia demonstrated higher competitiveness; in the fisheries industry, Vietnam and Indonesia demonstrated higher competitiveness; in the timber industry, Indonesia, Laos, and Malaysia demonstrated higher competitiveness; in the meat and seafood food industry, Thailand and Vietnam demonstrated higher competitiveness; in the ceramic industry, Vietnam and Thailand demonstrated higher competitiveness; Moreover, from 2005 to 2009, countries within the ASEAN steel industry with stronger competitiveness in the global market were Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia, while other countries fell short in terms of competitiveness. With regard to the influence factors of export competitiveness, capital proportion demonstrated positive effects on the RCA value of the other six industries. Labor productivity demonstrated negative effects on the export competitiveness on the mineral, footwear and coffee industries, possibly because high labor productivity requires higher wages, which is not conducive to export business. Additionally, mineral resources, forest resources, and the development level of the glass industry all affect the export competitiveness of relevant industries. It can be concluded that, in order to effectively raise the export competitiveness of the eight industries of the ASEAN region, member countries should reinforce investments in capital equipment. The advantage of low wages should be fully utilized in the development of labor intensive industries. Advantages in natural and geographical resources should also be appropriated to development the mineral, fishery, timber, and other relevant industries to promote export competitiveness.
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