雙薪家庭家務分工與婚姻、工作關係之研究 －以碩士在職進修之中等教師為例

A study of dual income family on the relations among household division of labor , marriage, and job for high school teachers enrolling master program

張昭琴(Chao-Chin Chang)

指導教授 ： 戴淑貞 陳義汶

台南應用科技大學/生活科技學院/生活應用科學研究所/碩士(2007年)

摘要

本研究主要目的在探討雙薪家庭家務分工與婚姻、工作之關係。研究方式以問卷調查、半結構式訪談進行資料蒐集。對象以台灣北、中、南地區且於2004至2006年正進修或剛畢業之碩士在職專班中等已婚之男、女教師。進行問卷調查，有效問卷共683份。訪談部份共對七對夫妻進行同時訪談。所採用研究工具為自編「雙薪家庭家務分工與婚姻、工作之關係」調查問卷，包括「家務參與情況量表」、「家務分工態度量表」、「婚姻滿意度程量表」及「工作滿意程度量表」等。
研究結果如下：1.雙薪家庭之家務工作主要夫妻兩人共同分擔，尤其是子女的照顧與陪伴最明顯；2.製備食物與清洗衣物兩項則由已婚女性負擔；家庭設備與機器維修由已婚男性分擔；3.家人生病就醫之照顧是花費最少時間的家務項目。4.不論任何時段進修對家務分工態度、婚姻滿意程度與工作滿意程度皆無影響。5.教師在職進修期間個人的性別、年齡、在校無兼行政、家庭型態、家庭生命週期對家務分工態度持有顯著差異。6.不同年齡與家庭收入、家庭生命週期與配偶學歷。7.年齡與家庭收入，對婚姻持有顯著的滿意程度。8.進修教師對於自己服務學校的教學環境、人事制度及相關福利達到良好的工作滿意程度。
訪談發現：1.雙新家庭夫妻參與都贊成兩性分工。2.實際生活情況下，不論受訪者及自己或配偶的父母仍然存有性別角色態度。3.提昇家事喜好程度、養成良好習慣與會運用科技電器產品設備，可以節省個人時間與精力。4.在規劃進修之前，能得到配偶及家人支持並配合家務工作，家庭則擁有和諧氣氛，對婚姻滿意程度將會有所提昇。5.女性已婚教師，除了配偶的支持外，自己與配偶父母的包容與協助是進修教師的動力。6.原服務單位課程的安排、人事制度，都會造成在職進修教師在工作上產生壓力。7.服務學校單位為公立或私立會影響在職進修支持程度。8.善用進修單位相關設備與資源，會讓進修教師減少資源浪費增加經濟效益。9.在家庭、進修、工作三者選項排序上，男性受訪者以（1）家庭（2）工作（3）進修；女性受訪者以（1）家庭（2）進修（3）工作為重要性排序考量。家務分工態度、婚姻滿意程度與工作滿意程度此三者兩兩的典型相關皆達到顯著水準。

關鍵字

家務分工 ； 雙薪家庭 family、Sex role、Gender-role attitudes、Marital degree of satisfaction、Work degree of satisfaction ； 碩士在職進修 ； 性別角色 ； 婚姻滿意程度 ； 工作滿意程度

並列摘要

The purpose of this study explored the relations among household division of labor, marriage and jobs in dual income families. This study used survey questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to collect deta. The objects included married male and female teachers attending or graduated from master program from 2004 to 2006. They lived in north, south, and central mf Taiwan.After the survey was completed, there were 683 invalid copies. The percentage of response was 88.58%. Seven couples were interviewed simultaneously.
The following results were important findings from this study. Most couples thought they had to share twelve items of housework together, especially taking care of their children. Married female teachers did more cooking and laundry than married male teachers did. On the contrary, the male teachers did more maintenance of household appliances than the female teachers did. The time that the couples spent the least in the housework was taking care of their family when their child was sick. There was no significant influence on attitude of household division of labor, degree of satisfaction with marriage and degree of satisfaction with jobs while enrolling master program. In the aspect of household division of labor attitude, female teachers got higher evaluation than male ones. Whether being an administrative staff had influence on high school teachers’ attitude toward household division of labor. The vertically extended family and the family with the first child at the stage of an infant had the best evaluation of household division of labor attitude.The younger married teachers with higher personal income had higher evaluation toward the marriage satisfaction.The middleaged married teachers without children, the teachers whose spouses had master degrees and the teachers whose children were at the infancy were more satisfied with their marriages. As for the working satisfaction aspect, secondary-education teachers who finished the master enrolling master program had good evaluation on the teaching surroundings in their teaching schools, the personnel systems, and the welfare. Family members in the big family could offer various resources, which let teachers who enrolling master program devoted all the efforts to the job without care. Hence, they had the highest evaluation on working satisfaction.
In the analysis of the interview, interviewees, All agreed to the division of labor of their household chores.However, both the elders and the juniors actually still kept holding gender-role attitudes.Things such as development of good habits, preference of housework, and the usage of technical electric equipment and relative products could save personal time and energy. Family could also be in the harmony atmosphere.Before the tests and enrolling master program, people who could get the support from spouses and family their satisfaction toward marriage rose. Multi roles do not necessarily bring about negative feelings into marriages. In addition to the spouse’s support, tolerance and assistance from both-side parents also motivated the married female teachers on the enrolling master program. The stress of teachers who enrolling master program usually came from refresher course arrangement, personnel systems, teaching methods and styles during further education stage.Whether serving in the public school or in the private one would affect the refresher course level or not? During the whole process of enrolling master program, making good use of relative sources of people, situations, and objects made the teacher who enrolling master program yield twice the result with half the effort and saved plenty of unnecessary source waste. Among the order of the family, the enrolling master program, and career, the teacher who enrolling master program put the major emphasis on the family.In the three factors, families are the most important one for both male and female interviewers. The husbands viewed practical economy as the second consideration while the wives take enrolling master program and career.

並列關鍵字

Housework division of labor ； Dual income family familyEnrolling ； master program ； Gender-role attitudes ； Marital degree of satisfaction ； Work degree of satisfaction

參考文獻

李宜靜（1990）。雙工作家庭家事分工及其影響因素之探討。台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。

一、中文部份

尤詒君（1996）。雙工作家庭家務分工-一個質化的分析觀點。台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。

方思文（1999）。影響台灣地區男女兩性家務參與因素之探討。台灣大學農業推廣學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。

王如哲（2000）（合著者：楊國德、王麗雲）。大學辦理二年制及研究生在職進修專班及先修制度實施結果期末結案報告。教育部高教司委託專案研究報告。台北：教育部。