領導者的社會資本對社區發展的影響-以台中市S社區為例

The Impact of Leaders’ Social Capital on Community Development: A case study of Community S, Taichung City

林蔭廷(Lin Yin-Ting)

指導教授 ： 黃彥宜

亞洲大學/人文社會學院/社會工作學系碩士班/碩士(2011年)

摘要

摘 要
本研究採用個案研究法，以台中市S社區發展協會為研究對象，共訪談六位協會的領導者，並以林南所提出的社會資本理論作為理論基礎。林南理論的焦點在於強調社會交換的概念，認為個體行動的動機是為了要得到「回報」，而行動的結果會造成資源間的流動與轉換，進而產生與維持社會資本。另外，林南亦重視社會結構的概念，認為個體行動受限於行動的限制，是個人透過「理性選擇」的過程而產生的行為。
因社區發展協會所處的位置常會被誤認為是國家行政末梢，而國家的社區發展政策亦時常會透過經費的補助而影響社區未來的發展方向，故在S協會所處的背景脈絡之下，其領導者如何運用個人的社會資本促進社區的發展是本研究探討的重點。本研究的研究發現如下：
1. 領導者習慣連結「人力資源」會造成潛在的人情成本壓力，因此對社區而言政府的補助經費仍是重要的財源之一。
2. 資源的連結會受到地理環境的影響，都市型社區因鄰里接近，社區範圍小，成員擁有多元的資源網絡，故會使領導者連結資源不限於社區當中，此情景會促使社區朝向「社區結盟」的方向發展。
3. 「強連帶」的影響是促使領導者參與社區的原因，而領導者亦習慣使用「強連帶」的方式連結資源，因使用強連帶連結資源的成功率較高，可降低活動的成本，並為領導者帶來支持的力量。
4. 領導者參與社區所得到的回報，包含了：「積功德」、「個人網絡的擴大」、「聲望」、「福利」、「經濟效益」、「位置」、「找到新舞台」等收穫，這些因素是影響領導者持續參與社區的原因。
5. 女性缺乏的資本可透過參與社區的時間和女性特質所帶來的優勢來補足資源的不平等。
本研究亦獲致可補充或修正林南社會資本理論之結果。例如：林南認為弱連帶連結可帶來多元化的社會資本，如此更有助於組織的發展，但研究者發現S協會重視的是強連帶連結所帶來資源連結的成功率，此與林南強調的不同。
根據研究結果，研究者建議領導者可拓展資源網絡的多元性；可多以社區結
盟的方式提供服務；加強社區在「質」方面的注重；以及未來運用社會資本於社區方面有更多的研究，並發展出操作的策略。

關鍵字

社會資本 ； 社區發展 ； 領導者

並列摘要

Abstract
Since a community development council is often considered at the far end of administration, and government community development policy often influences local community development through financial support, this study explores how leaders in S Community Development Council apply personal social capital to promote the development of S Community.
Applying a case study method, six leaders from Taichung City’s S Community Development Council were interviewed. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, and analyzed according to social capital theory proposed by Nan Lin. Lin’s theory focuses on the concept of social exchange, arguing that individuals’ behaviors are motivated by the prospect of receiving a reward. These behaviors result in transformations of and flows among resources to produce and maintain social capital. In addition, Lin emphasizes the concept of social structure, proposing that individuals’ behaviors are restricted by the limitations of these behaviors, and that they are the products of individuals’ rational choices.
The key findings are as follows:
1. The fact that leaders are accustomed to connecting human resources often results in the pressure of potentially owing favors; thus, government funding remains an important financial resource.
2. A connection with resources is influenced by geographical factors. Members of urban communities have more diverse resource networks due to the shorter distance between and smaller size of communities. Consequently, the resources available to the leaders in one community are not limited within an individual community. This phenomenon will help communities develop a “community alliance.”
3. The influence of strong ties is the main motivator for leaders to participate in community development, because using strong ties to connect with resources may bring about a higher success rate, lower cost, and support for leaders.
4. The rewards for participating in community development include accumulating good karma, increasing personal networks, enhancing one’s reputation, bonus, economic benefit, and position, finding a new stage, etc. These are the reasons why leaders continue to participate in community development.
5. The capital that females lack, as well as the unequal resources available to females, could be compensated by the duration of participation in community development and female characteristics.

The research results can also supplement or modify Lin’s social capital theory. For example, Lin indicates that weak ties would bring about diverse social capital. This phenomenon, in turn, supports the development of the organization. However, this study finds that leaders in S Community Development Council emphasize the success rate of connections among resources, which differs from Lin’s argument.
Based on the findings, the researcher suggests that leaders can expand the diversity of resource networks, provide services in the form of a community alliance, and emphasize the “quality” of service. Future research can accordingly apply the social capital approach to studies of community development and, thus, develop community development strategies.

並列關鍵字

social capital ； community development ； leader

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