法鼓山水陸法會牌位數位化之影響研究

THE INFLUENCE OF THE DIGITALIZATION OF THE MEMORIAL TABLETS USED IN THE WATER AND LAND SERVICE AT DHARMA DRUM MOUNTAIN

邱素真(Su-Chen Chiu)

指導教授 ： 釋果鏡

法鼓文理學院/佛教學院/佛教學系/碩士(2009年)

https://doi.org/10.6819/DILA.2009.00002

摘要

本論文從宗教儀式變遷的角度，觀察法鼓山水陸法會的創新作為－數位牌位。以問卷調查法蒐集數據，瞭解信徒對數位牌位的認同情況暨其影響。
本研究論證，佛教儀式中有關「牌位」的運用，是受到中國文化的影響。文中一方面對佛教傳入中國前，有關牌位的文獻進行整理；另一方面也從密教儀軌、禪宗清規及史傳相關記載，探討佛教最早出現牌位的年代。
除文獻研究外，本研究也採質化、量化並重的方法蒐集資料，包括參與觀察、深度訪談及問卷調查。問卷調查分二階段進行：第一階段，目的在以實證數據檢測「數位牌位認同」、「對法鼓山認同」和「增益捐助」三個主要研究變項之間的關係，以及人口變項對它們的影響，建構出最適解釋模型。第二階段，目的在描述參加法鼓山水陸法會的信徒，對傳統牌位和數位牌位的認知，及解釋信徒選擇參加法鼓山水陸法會的主要理由。二階段問卷，信度、效度皆良好。
本研究以迴歸預測法求出預測三個主要研究變項的最適解釋模型，可以做為後續研究參考。另，研究發現信徒選擇參加法鼓山水陸法會的理由，係對法鼓山創辦人聖嚴師父的信心和崇敬，其次是認同法鼓山的理念；信徒對數位牌位的認知，最認同是響應環保需要，最不認同電腦動畫是觀想共修法門；信徒對傳統牌位最後予以火化的認知，比較認同是佛菩薩正加持、祝福列名在消災牌位上的人，和場地復原的需要，而較不相信法師藉由火化與佛菩薩溝通和超度亡靈。
本研究只針對法鼓山的參訪者進行抽樣，不能過度推估結果到其他道場所舉辦的法會。又，本研究以獨立樣本進行統計分析，但原始題目第4-11題，同時包括在「一般認同量表」內及轉化為「增益捐助量表」的分數，本研究不能排除樣本不獨立所造成的混淆，模型的解釋力可能有所高估。

關鍵字

水陸法會 ； 數位化 ； 牌位 ； 儀軌 ； 火化

並列摘要

This paper is intended to investigate the influence of the new action for Dharma Drum Mountain Water and Land Service – the digitalization of the memorial tablets（數位牌位）. The main research method is questionnaire.
Based on the research, the usage of memorial tablets in Buddhism’s ceremony is influenced by Chinese culture. The paper not only organized the historic documentation on memorial tablets before Buddhism brought into China, but also explored the earliest appearance of the memorial tablets through other non-Buddhism documentation.
There are two stages in this social scientific research. The first stage examines the relationships between “Digitalized Subscale,” “Common Support Subscale,” and “Increase Donate Subscale”; and how will the population change impact them to establish the best interpretation model. The purpose of the second stage is to describe the understanding of devotees on traditional and digital memorial tablets, and explain the main reason of them participating in the event. All data collected through these two stages are evinced to have good Reliability and Validity.
The research discovered those devotees’ confidence and respect to the founder of DDM - 聖嚴, is the most important reason for them to attend DDM Water and Land Service . The second is the agreement on DDM’s concept. Devotees thought that digitalized memorial tablets are good for environmental protection, but disagree that the computer animation can help them practice the meditation of insight（Guan觀想）. Devotees also believed that the cremation of traditional memorial tablets symbolizes the Buddha’s blessing toward the living and restores the place after the rite is performed.
This research only surveys part of devotees at DDM, thus the result is not applicable to other temples’ situation. Moreover, question No.4 to No.11 are dependent sample in “Common Support Subscale” and “Increase Donate Subscale”, and therefore, the research cannot eliminate the possibilities of confusions result from dependent sample. The fact that the data of adjusted R Square is a rather optimistic estimation can hardly be ignored.

並列關鍵字

Water and Land Dharma Service ； digitalization ； memorial tablet ； ritual ； cremate

參考文獻

黃心川（1999）。〈道教與密教〉。《中華佛學學報》12。臺北：中華佛學研究所。

紀昀《四庫全書總目》

張家麟（2007）。〈宗教儀式變遷認同與宗教發展－以鸞堂扶鸞活動為焦〉。《真理大學人文學報》4。資料參考電子版《宗教儀式 與社會變遷》。

杜正勝（1991）。〈形體、精氣與魂魄－中國傳統對「人」認識的形成〉。發表在《新史學》2（3），頁1-65。

《史記•魯周公世家》