《唐律》關於“律文解釋”方式之分析

A Comparative Study of the Mode of "Legal Explanatory Notes"

桂齊遜(Chi-Shun Guei)

《通識研究集刊》 8期 (2005/12) Pp. 57-87

https://doi.org/10.6488/JCGE.200512.0057

摘要

我國古代的法律思想，殆自《左傳•昭公六年》所載叔向對於子產「鑄刑書」一事的批評起，約略就具備了「法律條文本身具有解釋性與爭議性」此一概念，故唐律立法者對於律文本身之解釋，可謂其來有自，淵遠流長。
本文認為，《唐律》關於「律文解釋」的方法，極為複雜，大體包含了「直接解釋」、「間接解釋」、「刑法用語解釋」和「類推解釋」等四大類。
在唐律中，通常是以「律注」的方式，做出「直接解釋」，此種解釋唐律模式，是唐律最直接也最常見的律文解釋方式，故充啻於整部《唐律》之內。在唐律中，所曾運用過的「間接解釋」方式，又包含了「論理解釋」、「歷史解釋」、「系統解釋」、「限制解釋」及「擴張解釋」等等。其中「歷史解釋」最為少見，幾乎只有一處；「論理解釋」因為常須運用到法理學的推理觀念與法邏輯思想，故亦不多見；「系統解釋」在唐律中，倒是經常引用。至於「限制解釋」與「擴張解釋」則是前三種解釋（「論理解釋」、「歷史解釋」、「系統解釋」）的方法，故其解釋模式，亦充啻於整部《唐律》之內。所謂「用語解釋」，係指立法機構於制定法律時，對於某種用語為期其精確、並防止在適用上發生疑義，特別列為專章或專條予以說明。唐律中關於「刑法用語解釋」之例證，至為多見，多集中於《唐律•名例律》之內；至於其解釋方式，則與現行刑事法學的解釋方法，頗有雷同之處。而所謂「類推解釋」在我國固有律中常被稱為「比附援引」；雖然現行法在罪刑法定思想之下，是反對類推解釋（或類推適用），但唐律中經常引用「類推」（「比附」）的方式來解釋律文，卻是不爭的事實－惟唐律仍嚴格禁止採用「比附入重」此一類推方式，值得肯定。

關鍵字

唐律 ； 律文解釋 ； 直接解釋 ； 間接解釋 ； 刑法用語解釋 ； 類推解釋

並列摘要

In this research, we found that the way of legislative explanation is quite complicate in Tang Code. Legislative explanation approximately includes four sorts of explanations: ”direct explanation”, ”indirect explanation”, ”criminal terms explanation” and ”analogize explanation”.
In Tang Code, usually uses explanatory notes to express direct explanation and direct explanation is the most direct and common way to explain the law. We also can find indirect explanation in Tang Code, which includes ”logic explanation”, ”historical explanation”, ”systematic explanation”, ”restrict explanation” and ”extend explanation”. Among these explanations, ”historical explanation” is most rarely seen. We could only find one statute uses ”historical explanation”. ”Logical explanation” usually applies logical inference of jurisprudence. There are a few statutes use this kind of explanation. ”Systematical explanation” is not rare in Tang Code. ”Restrict explanation” and ”extend explanation” are the methods of explanation for three previous explanations (logic explanation, historical explanation and systematic explanation), so they are often seen in Tang Code. What is called ”criminal terms explanation” is to list special articles or items to make an explanation in order to anticipate the accuracy of some phraseology and prevent the wording and idea from producing any doubt when the legislature makes laws, so ”criminal terms explanation” is often attach to the original items of law to explain law phraseology and law code themselves. There are many examples which use ”criminal terms explanation” in Tang Code: Section on General Principle and the way of explanation is very similar to the Existing Law. ”Analogize explanation” usually is called ”according to” or ”quote” in Chinese traditional law. Under the thought of ”nullum crimen sine lege” in the Existing Law, analogize explanation is prohibited. However we still can find many examples which use ”according to” or ”quote” to explain statutes in the Tang Code.

並列關鍵字

Tang Code ； legal Explanatory Notes ； direct explanation ； indirect explanation ； criminal terms explanation ； analogize explanation