地理觀察與解釋

Geographical Observation and Interpretation

洪富峰(Fu-Feng Hung)

《環境與世界》 1期 (1997/11) Pp. 41-58

https://doi.org/10.6304/EAW.1997.1.3

摘要

新時代地理觀係針對人類所生活的環境或社區，嘗試以整合式的觀察和研究，解釋人類各種生活面作用因素的分布和原因，期待獲得比較深刻而有意義的回答。人是向自然學習，同時會累積經驗的動物。對自然環境和歷史地理的瞭解，必須以田野實察的經驗累積來實踐，進而明白居住地區的人所擁有的價值觀。
基於此，觀察與解釋能力的培養，變成地理教育的重要課程。但是，由於地理觀察與解釋，仍舊欠缺可資遵循的規格化與標準程序，故本文嘗試探討觀察與解釋的理論，以實際案例的說明與檢討，歸納準則和範例，以期有助於地理教學與研究。
本文首先說明觀察作爲地理研究方法的重要性，幷瞭解觀察與世界的關係，如同主體與客體的鏡像關係，具有作用和反映的對照，而觀察是一種由心發起的活動，以獲取訊息和經驗爲目的，達到觀照情境的行爲。接著演申解釋與說明的意義，如何運用高度的領悟力、精煉的解說技巧及科學模式，支持在地理研究的過程中的實察工作。另外，提出地理實察方法的概念結構和步驟，藉由陳述問題與求取原始資料後，經由辨識與分類資料的過程，達到空間架構的認知，幷經過資料的處理分析，運用圖法展示、定量和統計法展示，最後得到結論與回答問題。
在另一方面，本文運用三個實際案例的探討，得知不僅理論依據、探究主題、觀察角度、思考深度、以及背景環境特色，都影響著發問的提出和探究的過程，幷進而左右結論。所以，地理實察可將知覺的空間現况，轉換爲符號的圖像資料，這些資料可被用來解釋空間現况的特色，經過分析與整合，歸納出原則。可見，說明或解釋幷非是說明者單獨的＇已智活動與表達，而是一種溝通過程，如何藉由溝通而達到解釋或說明的目的，乃是溝通者所面臨的挑戰。經過這種練習與訓練，累積足够的經驗，以深入淺出的方式來解釋和說明。
本研究結果，期望作為日後地理學者、環境規劃設計者、空間調查觀察者、解說員及相關團體的佐證參考與教學研究。

關鍵字

田野實察

並列摘要

The view of geography in new era are trying to use integrate way to observe and research peoples environment or community, interpreting the distribution and reasons of humans various life level, in order to obtain some profound and meaningful answers. Human is one kind of creatures that can learn from nature and accumulate experience in the mean time. In order to understand nature environment and historical geography, we need to use field work to fulfill, so that we can realize the value of residents who lives in the same region.
It is an important course of geography education for researchers to develop the ability of observation and interpretation. For there are lacks of standard procedures for researchers to observe and interpret, this essay are trying to probe into the theories of observation and interpretation, explaining and reviewing with examples, concluding principles and models, in order to assist instruction and research in geography.
First, this essay illustrates the importance of observation method in geographical research, and the relationship between observation and the whole world. Just as the mirror—image relation between subcts and objects, they possess the matching of action and reaction; and observation is a kind of activities which intends to gain information and experiences to achieve the observing of situations. Secondly, it states the meanings of explanation and illustration: how to assist the field work of geographical research by using highly comprehension, refined explaining skills and scientific models. Furthermore, this article expresses the conceptual structure and steps of geographical field work method. After stating questions and obtaining row data, it achieves the recognition of spatial structure through the process of identification and classification of information. And it gets into conclusions and answers the questions by using demonstration, ration and statistic methods.
On the other hand, this essay inquired into three practical cases, knowing that not only theoretical basis, but also search subjects, view of observation, depth of thought, and different background, affect the raise of questions and process of search; furthermore, they affect the conclusions. Therefore, the geographical field work can change the situations of conscious space into symbolic image data. These data can be applied to illustrate the characteristics of spatial situations and induced principles by analyzing and integrating. Thus, we can see that illustration or explanation is not the solitary mind movements and expressions of the illustrators but the process of communication. It is the challenge for the communicators to achieve the purposes of explanation or illustration through interaction. Through this kind of practicing and training, researchers can accumulate enough experiences, explain and illustrate the theses in simple terms.
I hope that the results of this research can be applied as the reference and teaching research information for geographical scholars, environmental programmers, spatial investigators, illustrators and the correlated groups in the near future.

並列關鍵字

field work