孤獨的莊子初探

The Solitude of Chuang Tzu

沈維華

《語文學報》 17期 (2011/12) Pp. 1-19

https://doi.org/10.6760/YWHP.201112.0001

摘要

人的孤獨感，來自於其內在心靈與外在世界相互衝突，所引發的一種自我返照的心境。莊子以「虛化物我」的方式、「默契神會」的審美態度，觀賞、領受天地之大美，從現實中超拔提昇，「獨與天地精神往來」，以此達到精神上之絕對自由，並由此進入至美至樂的境界。然而，莊子的孤獨理境，並非遺世獨立，而是在於擁有屬於自己的精神世界的同時，亦能和外在世界保持互動與聯繫。他以「兩忘」的方式，將「人」與「天」兩兩超越，既忘人，也要忘天，圓化天人，融於大道，才能「不敖倪於萬物，不譴是非」，自適自在地遊心於人間世，「以與世俗處」。孤獨的莊子，以自身的孤獨感受，指引人們走向「至獨不獨」的人生道路。

關鍵字

莊子 ； 孤獨感受 ； 天地大美 ； 與世俗處 ； 兩忘而化其道

並列摘要

Feeling of loneliness comes from the conflict between inner spirit and outer world, which is a mirror of selfhood. Chuang Tzu abstracted dualistic conception of ”self and others”. He received and perceived the great beauty of nature without discrimination, surpassed the boundary of real life and attained to complete freedom spiritually. The inner spirit communicates freely with sprit of nature with absolute purity. That was a state of mind with perfection and ultimate happiness. The solitude of Chuang Tzu, therefore; was not in isolation. He had forgotten the limitation of human being and the boundary between man and nature. He would not tell right from wrong, nor would he take a superior attitude to all creatures. To socialize with people, to Chuang Tzu, was as easy as to stay alone. When promoting to this level, people would not be bothered with vulgar life and would be able to enjoy beauty.

並列關鍵字

Chuang Tzu ； feeling of loneliness ； the great beauty of nature ； to socialize in real world ； to forget the boundary of man and nature and to integrate into the Great Way

參考文獻

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清郭慶藩輯(1989)。莊子集釋。臺北:華正書局。

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王邦雄(1993)。莊子系列（六）—大宗師。鵝湖月刊。18(1)，3-12。