扁鵲倉公列傳命題析義

An Analysis on the Title of Biography of Bianchueh and Tsangkong

金仕起(Shih-Ch'i Chin)

《國立政治大學歷史學報》 29期 (2008/05) Pp. 1-49

https://doi.org/10.30383/TJH.200805_(29).0001

摘要

本文旨在結合前人的研究業績，以《史記‧扁鵲倉公列傳》命題的意義爲考察重點，探討司馬遷爲什麼編寫這部列傳的緣由和意旨，分析史家個人的理想、關懷及感慨與中國古代醫療活動實態間的可能關係，並爲討論晚周秦漢醫療史的發展提供必要的基礎。研究發現，司馬遷以扁鵲、倉公爲這部列傳命名，大體有幾項可能原因：一、扁鵲是周秦至漢初傳誦於民間及醫家之間的一位精熟脈學的良醫的稱號，司馬遷援引這位傳說人物的故事，一方面是希望透過扁鵲診治疾病的過程展現醫療者的理想形象；另一方面也企圖藉由扁鵲爲統治階層診治疾病的故事提示當代及後世人主治國的當然之道。二、倉公無疑是一位歷史人物，倉公之號的形成則與其遭人告劾而繫獄長安的經歷有關，司馬遷一方面希望藉由倉公爲醫的事例說明扁鵲脈學在當代社會的進一步發展，以表彰其貢獻；另一方面也藉由倉公爲醫的經歷披露漢初劉姓宗親貴冑的生活習尚，間接表達了他對文、景之治的諷議。三、司馬遷對扁鵲「以伎見殃」和倉公「匿跡自隱而當刑」遭遇的關注，則反映了司馬遷對個人遭際的感慨和他對時政的譏議。

關鍵字

史記 ； 扁鵲倉公列傳 ； 方技 ； 醫療史

並列摘要

This article tries to analyze the reasons why Ssuma Chien took Bianchueh and Tsangkong instead of their full name, which were Chin Yueh-jen and Tsuenyü Yi, or their group name like physician, as the title for their biographies. This study has acquired several conclusions as following. At first, Bianchueh, possessing expertise of mai(脈), was actually a fictional figure in the folk legends since pre-Chin era, whom Ssuma Chien took to exemplify an ideal image of physician. To Ssuma Chien, an ideal physician not only can diagnose the causes of diseases accurately and cure diseases of individual persons adequately, but also can demonstrate with his therapeutic process the right ways for the political rulers to manage a state. Secondly, Tsangkong was without doubt a real historical figure, whom was also taken as the successor of Bianchueh in the early West Han period. However, his experience as a physician, of which he was put into jail by his nasty patients once, showed the deteriorated and corruptive lives lived by the members of Han's royal family. Thirdly, there were two major possible reasons why Ssuma Chien deliberately took Bianchueh and Tsangkong instead of their full name as the title for their biographies. On the one hand, he tried to express his disapproval to the rule of Emperor Wu, who had sentenced him to castration without mercy on his loyalty, by the legendary death of Bianchueh and the unfair trial put on Tsangkong. On the other hand, he tried to propose an observation of what is the inevitable fate of a subject, which was all at disposal by an imperial ruling structure.

並列關鍵字

Bianchueh ； Tzangkong ； medical history ； ancient China

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