兒童品性異常的成因：低自制力與不良休閒活動

Origins of Childhood Conduct Disorder: Low Self-Control and Deviant Leisure Activities

莊耀嘉(Yao-Chia Chuang)

《犯罪學期刊》 2期 (1996/12) Pp. 125-150

https://doi.org/10.29607/ZHWHGX.199612.0006

摘要

本研究抽取300位國小五、六年級學童，探討兒童品性異常或犯行累累的成因。研究之主要目的在於檢驗低自制力性格（即衝動性格）及不良的休閒方式可否解釋我國兒童的品性異常，並探討兒童品性異常之成因有無性別差異。研究的主要假設是：自制力薄弱不僅會直接促成兒童違犯行為的增多，而且會促使兒童從事一些不良的休閒活動，而間接地增加兒童的犯行。研究獲得下述主要發現：一、國小學童之犯行嚴重到足堪被診斷為品性異常者之比例並不低，值得重視。二、路徑分析顯示：欠缺自制力的個性是促使兒童犯行增多成品性異常的主因，而且此一性格因素也會透過不良的玩樂活動而間接地增加兒童的犯行。此一研究發現顯示自我控制論也可解釋兒童的嚴重犯行。三、不良的玩樂或偏差活動會直接地增加犯行，為社會控制所強調的正當休閒活動的參與程度則與犯行多寡無直接關係。此外，學業重視性（依附性）雖然會使學童較少從事玩樂或偏差活動，而間接地減少一些犯行，但與犯行多寡並無直接關係。整體說來，社會控制論並未獲得有力的支持。四、兒童品性異常或犯行累累的成因並無重要的性別差異，例如欠缺自制力會使男童、女童皆有較多的犯行。

並列摘要

Three hundred children who were enrolled in the fifth or sixth grade of elementary school were administered a questionnaire to explore the factors that may lead to conduct disorders. The questionnaire was composed of leisure activities, deviant behaviors, and personality characters. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that low self-control was a major cause of conduct disorder. It was also hypothesized that the deviant leisure activities partially mediated the effect of low self-control on deviant behaviors. The major findings included: (1) Both of research hypotheses were supported, therefore, self-control theory of criminality can also explain children's conduct disorder; (2) Although deviant activities (e.g., playing games outside, speeding) were associated with deviant behaviors, the participation of normal leisure activities were not significantly related to deviant behaviors. Similarly, although students' concern over grade led them to pursue leisure patterns that might reduce the chance of performing deviant behavior, it was not directly related to deviant behaviors. Therefore, social-control theory was not fully supported; (3) There were no major sex differences regarding the causes of conduct disorders. Moreover, sex differences of deviant behaviors were primarily due to sex differences in self-control and leisure activities pattern.