一般性犯罪理論與社會學習理論之實證檢驗：以犯罪矯正機構吸毒少年為例

An Empirical Test of a General Theory of Crime and Social Learning Theory

楊士隆(Shu-Lung Yang) ； 任全鈞(Chen-Jin Zen)

《犯罪學期刊》 3期 (1997/12) Pp. 59-83

https://doi.org/10.29607/ZHWHGX.199712.0004

摘要

在當前主流犯罪理論當中，一般性犯罪理論（A General Theory of Crime）與社會學習理論（Social Learning Theory）均稱對犯罪行為擁有較佳之詮釋力，而互不相讓。為檢視此項爭議，本研究以收容於少年矯正機構中吸毒少年379名為對象進行問卷調查，以了解此二犯罪理論對於少年吸毒行為之解釋力，並比較該二理論何者對少年吸毒行為之解釋力為優，最後並援用路徑分析（Path Analysis）探討該二理論整合的可行性。研究結果發現：一般性犯罪理論在本研究整體的解釋力為12.05%，達到統計上顯著水準之變項計有：父母的懲罰、對偏差行為的認知及冒險性等，其中以冒險性解釋力最強（5.6%）。社會學習理論整體的解釋力則為21%，具有解釋力的變項為同儕的差別接觸、吸毒的花費及增強的平衡，其中以同儕的差別接觸解釋力最強（R^2=.13）。在二理論解釋之比較與整合上，將該二理論之變項彙整進行迴歸分析，其解釋力達26.89%，其中社會學習理論其解釋力強過一般性犯罪理論。故一般性犯罪理論之宣稱足以週延詮釋各犯罪類型之說法無法在本研究中獲得支持，相對的，路徑分析之結果証實Theoretical Elaboration之整合模式提供犯罪理論發展之另一思考動向。

並列摘要

A General Theory of Crime and Social Learning Theory are recognized the most powerful theories of crime, and both competing theories strongly contends that their theory offers adequate explanation. Using self-reported data from a sample of 379 adolescednt drug offenders detained in juvenile correctional institutions, the study attempt to examine the effectiveness of both theories. In addition, the study use path analysis to find their feasibility for theoretical integration.The findings showed that several variables from a general theory of crime remain significantly related to drug use. Parental punishment, deviance of parental perceived and risk appear to be important correlates of drug use. The total amount of variance accounted for by the model is 12% (R^2=.1205). Among these, the most powerful variable is risk. In Addition, the total amount of variance accounted for by all of the variable of social learning theory is 21 .58%. The most explanatory power variable to be found is differential peer association.For the effectiveness of two competing theories, the analysis showed that the total amount of variance accounted for by the integrated model is 26.89%, and the explanatory power of social learning theory is 14.84%. Obviously, the explanatory power of social learning theory is stronger than a general theory of crime, and the integrated model offers a relatively comprehensive explanation. In this study, the point that A General Theory of Crime offers adequate explanation for various types of crime is not supported. In contrast, the path analysis indicates that theoretical elaboration model affords important direction for theory's development.