敦煌〈和菩薩戒文〉抄寫樣貌與應用探究

〈和菩薩戒文〉是由戒師引誦經文與戒子應和辭組合的戒律儀式文書，透過「經云」與「和云」交替運用的形式，強調受戒實義並揭示未守戒之種種苦難，其中含有依據《梵網經》菩薩十戒（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、沽酒、自說、毀他、多慳、多嗔、謗三寶）所和唱的偈讚歌辭，每段以「諸菩薩莫○○」起首引七言詩讚作鋪述，更是具有套曲調而傳播的方便性。因此，在敦煌文獻發現的早期，〈和菩薩戒文〉就得已收入《大正新脩大藏經》之「古逸部」而流傳。後經歷多位學者錄文考訂，目前可知在敦煌寫卷有48件的〈和菩薩戒文〉，除可見於佛教歌曲叢抄、應用文書叢抄外，還有與禮懺文、散花樂讚聯抄或獨篇的單張、冊子本等，不僅適用於戒會，更可能運用於不同場合，產生經常性與大眾化的特質。所以，對於如此多樣的抄寫面貌的分析探究，將是呈顯〈和菩薩戒文〉實用意義與價值的必要工作。而本文將先綜合論述〈和菩薩戒文〉的結構樣貌，並且透過逐篇敘錄舉證的方式，探討其與〈戒懺文〉、〈受菩薩戒疏〉、〈菩薩唱道文〉等戒會文疏聯抄，或是收入叢抄卷與雜抄的狀況，特別是與〈散花樂讚〉聯抄的情形，還有超過30件散抄的多樣面貌，以確實顯現〈和菩薩戒文〉的應用意義與價值。

關鍵字

和菩薩戒文；菩薩戒；敦煌歌辭；敦煌寺院儀式；佛教應用文書

並列摘要

The Eulogy of ＂Bodhisattva Commandments＂ is an activity document to accept the precepts in Dunhuang Manuscripts. It emphasizes the ten commandments in the form of words and songs to prohibit killing, stealing, fornication, deception, drinking, boasting, verbal abuse, stingy, resentment, and slander. So far, 48 Dunhuang manuscripts have been found to contain this document. This quantity and numerous ways of copying show its popular quality, and it can be speculated that it is not only used in the activities of accepting the precepts, but may also be used in daily reciting. Therefore, it is an important task to explore the transcript appearance and applications of ＂The Eulogy of Bodhisattva Commandments＂. And this article will first discuss its structure, and through the way of narrating the evidence piece by piece, explore the situation where it was copied alone, with other documents, or even collected in clusters. This article is expected to show its practical significance and value.