試論文人畫兼看“四君子”的比德現象

「文人畫」是中國古代文明在繪畫上的綜合體現，它來自對文人士大夫從事繪畫創作時的學識、品德、與逸氣的最高表現。「文人畫」以寫意爲主，講究畫面的高雅，而不僅僅只有技法的熟練，但是要達到文人畫的意境，又不能盡拋法度。「文人畫」的觀念萌芽於宋、完成於元世，至明清最爲興盛。元朝的文人畫以山水來寄託國破家亡的憂愁心境，明清兩朝的文人畫多半以花鳥畫的「四君子」－梅、蘭、竹、菊寄託做人的處世原則，所謂「君子氣節」梅象徵堅忍剛毅、蘭象徵孤芳自持、竹象徵謙懷高節、菊象徵不慕虛榮，這些是在儒家教化影響下最容易被聯想的「比德」現象。

關鍵字

文人畫；寫意；形似；比德；四君子

並列摘要

”the painting” was China ancient times the civilization manifests in the drawing synthesis, it from was engaged when the drawing creation to the writer literary intelligentsia the knowledge, the personal character, and the unworldliness highest performance.” Painting” by enjoyable primarily, is fastidious about the picture loftiness, but not only then technique skilled, but must achieve the painting the ideal condition, cannot throw the law. ”painting” idea seed at Song Dynasty, completes at Yuan Dynasty, is most prosperous to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Yuan Dynasty's painting reposes the sad mood which by the scenery the country ruins a family perishes, the Ming and Qing Dynasties two dynasty paintings by the flower-and-bird painting ”four gentlemen”-the plum, the orchid, the bamboo, chrysanthemum reposing to be the human to get along with people the principle mostly, so-called ”the gentleman moral courage” the plum symbol endures resolutely, symbolizes orphaned fragrant practicing moderation, the bamboo to symbolize modest bosom Gao Jie, the chrysanthemum symbol blue not to admire the vanity, these are in the Confucianist enlightens under the influence to be easiest to associate ”compares Germany” the phenomenon.

並列關鍵字

literati painting ； freehand brushwork in traditional Chinese painting ； to resemble ； morals ； four gentlemen plum blossom ； orchid ； bamboo ； chrysanthemum