清代滿族的妾與妾制探析

妾是一夫一妻制度的獨特產物。它並不存在於盛行一夫多妻制的滿族早期社會中，但早期滿族家庭中存在著一種身分介於婢與妻之間的女人，她們是隨著滿族興起之後不斷擴大的掠奪戰爭而被搶入滿族家庭的。當滿族入關後仿依漢制，從一夫多妻制向一夫一妻多妾制轉化時，這些從婢轉化而來的旗人社會的妾，就形成了不同於一般漢族社會內這類人群的兩個特徵，一是由於她們主要源於戰俘和奴僕，所以地位特別低賤；二是她們主要由非滿洲成分的人口構成，進入滿族家庭後，便給滿洲人的家庭生活帶來了其它民族尤其是漢族的深刻影響。雖然從表面上看，至晚到乾隆朝以後，滿族的婚制與漢人已大致相同，但細按之，仍能找到一些獨特點。本文論證了旗人納妾之風盛行以及統治者對其特別寬容的原因，認為納妾作爲一種補償方式，對於保證「指婚」等由國家控制的婚姻制度的切實貫徹，曾起到過特殊的作用，它可以說是社會的「安全閥」、調節器。但是，這種補償，補償的只是男性。滿族在短暫的時間內經歷了急劇的社會變革而最終達到了與漢族傳統文明同步的程度。婦女爲此付出的代價，比一般正常發展的社會要更沉重、更殘酷，滿族納妾制度中所具有的各種特點，就是對此的一個很好的展示。

關鍵字

清代；滿族；妾；妾制

並列摘要

Concubinage was defined by the Chinese system of monogamous marriage. Therefore, concubines did not exist in the polygynous early society of the Manchus. However, there were women whose status was between that of a slave-girl and a wife. They entered into Manchu families along with other war booty, or because of some criminal activity. When the Manchus imitated the Han system after Qing troops entered China, polygyny translated into monogamy, and slave-girls became concubines. Getting concubines was especially prevalent among bannermen and was encouraged by the Qing monarch. After the Qianlong reign, the marriage system in Manchu society was almost the same as that in Han society, but two characteristics of the Manchu bannerman's concubine still differentiated her from the concubine of the Han male. First, her status was lower than that of the Han concubine since she likely came from a criminal or slave background; second, concubines in the banners were mostly non-Manchus and brought many influences from the Han and other ethnic groups into Manchu families and Manchu society. They played a significant role in the mutual acculturation and interaction of Manchu and Han.