公中之私─關於家庭勞動的國家話語（1949－1966）

在中華人民共和國的集體主義時期，國家對於婦女的家內勞動並非完全「看不見」，而是努力對家務勞動進行理論化，以確立家務勞動及其承擔者在社會主義生產體制中的位置。在一九五、六○年代，國家話語中存在著女工、農婦、職工家屬／家屬工三類不同的婦女。三個群體與生產的關係決定了國家對於她們家內勞動的不同態度，以及她們的政治地位。國家肯定職工家屬的家務勞動對於生產的間接貢獻，承認家務勞動是勞動，賦予家庭婦女「勞動者」的社會身份及其政治地位，並對模範家屬進行表彰。但是，國家所表彰的家屬家庭勞動的內容，經歷從家內家務勞動向家外生產勞動的轉變。農婦與女工因其在生產領域中的勞動，擁有明確的勞動者身份。農村婦女勞動力的定位是與婦女承擔家務勞動的角色密切聯繫在一起。在高積累低消費的生產體制下，應由集體承擔的責任被延遲，農村婦女卻因家內責任而在工分體制中成為二等勞動力。單位是城市女工再生產職責的首要承擔者，高積累低消費的發展策略造成生活用品和服務設施普遍供應不足，家庭成員的衣食等生活消費品基本上依靠女性的無酬勞動。單位所提供的部分福利遮蔽了女工／女職工在家內勞動方面事實上的負擔。在國家承諾與客觀需要之間的事實差距，被簡縮成女工／農婦個人需要克服的「特殊困難」。由此可見，在一個希望快速實現工業化的新興社會主義國家裡，為追求經濟超速發展而實行高積累低消費「以生產為中心」的發展策略，有意識地把性別化分工編織進大生產體制，由婦女無酬承擔起絕大部分的再生產職責。正因為對婦女家內責任的刻意保留，1990年代急劇市場化轉型時，國家從與再生產有關的福利中撤離並私人化這一領域時，鮮有遇到抵抗而順利地實施了市場化的經濟改革。但是，婦女的家內責任卻使工人階級婦女和中產階級婦女在勞動力市場處於不利的地位。

關鍵字

家庭勞動；國家話語；公私相嵌型結構；集體主義；以生產為中心的發展策略

並列摘要

In the period of collectivization, the People's Republic of China was obsessed with the speed of production, devoted to interests of ”public,” and suffering from shortages of supplies and services, and thus the private sphere withered. Domestic work was regarded as less and less important. At the same time, the gendered division of labor was preserved and woven into the production system. People thus hardly noticed when the state was almost completely withdrawn from areas related to production and domestic work in the market-oriented reform era that followed. Now the state does not even claim any responsibilities in this area, which has become largely privatized. The long process leading to this outcome can be traced back to the socialist period. This article examines how this process affected three groups of women: female workers, peasant women, and housewives (jiashu) in the 1950s and 1960s. Their changing relationship with the production system determined the state's attitudes to their domestic work and their political status. In the 1950s, domestic work was not completely invisible in the state's discourse. On the contrary, the state tried to theorize domestic work, and place it in the appropriate position within the socialist production system. As their domestic work was recognized as work, jiashu achieved social identity and political status in the state's discourse precisely through their domestic work. The state recognized their domestic work as at least an indirect contribution to production and praised those who excelled in domestic work as model jiashu. However, the significance of domestic work changed over time in the state's discourse. Peasant women and female workers were given explicit identities as laborers with a duty to work in the formal production sphere. Still, peasant women's identity as laborers was linked to the domestic work-under the high-accumulation and low-consumption of the collective production system, the responsibilities for reproduction were undertaken by individuals rather than the cooperatives. Domestic responsibilities thus made women a second-class workforce in the work-point system. At the same time, in the cities, work units were responsible for issues related to female worker's reproduction. Consequently, the state paid little attention to their domestic work, but due to the shortage in household items and service facilities, female workers had to shoulder many domestic responsibilities, such as cooking and making clothes and the like. Thus, ”special difficulties” arose that female workers had to overcome themselves.