中國農村計劃生育的普及─以1960－1970年代Q村為例

本文將以中國某農村－Q村為例，探討計劃生育在基層普及的過程。Q村是計劃生育進展順利，成果顯著的村莊。1960年代村裡的婦女開始通過節育環避孕，1970年代對育齡婦女普遍進行「絕育」（輸卵管結紮永久不孕手術）使計劃生育開始普及，出生率大幅下降。計劃生育乃以農村合作醫療體系及人民公社行政體系為基礎，此外Q村有一個深受村民婦女信賴的女「赤腳醫生」，以及熱心計劃生育工作的生產大隊婦女主任；這些以女性工作人員為主的性別敏感的動員系統發揮了作用，使該村的計畫生育取得顯著成果。現代的生育控制手段完全由國家行政、醫療體系提供。對村裡的婦女來說，利用計劃生育的唯一途徑是通過與人民公社行政體系一體化的農村合作醫療體系。農村婦女用這種方式把以前自己無法實現的生育控制加以實現。在1960－1970年代的Q村，村民們也因為考慮到貧窮和養育的負擔，計劃生育在一定程度上受到了歡迎。故計劃生育－同時也意味著國家對生育的介入─自然地成為行政、醫療體系的一部分。後來，由於控制動員漸趨嚴格，甚至出現村民以「躲避」、「逃跑」的方式抵抗。但在具體有權力上下關係的人際關係之中，政策逐步得到推廣。有時候勸說工作太執拗、實行太嚴格，使得一些村民感到了「強制性」。因此，國家干預生育的方法，1970年代與「一對夫婦只生一個」為基本國策的1980年代存在著連貫性。當家庭內意見不統一時，比起丈夫和婆婆，婦女本身對生育控制的態度更積極。因此在這場運動中，政策和婦女結為同盟，一致抵抗傳統父權制的多子觀念，有效控制了生育。婦女不只是政策的被動接受者，她們在村子複雜的權力關係背景下，對政策或接受或拒絕。也就是在這樣的接受或拒絕的重複過程中，最終導致了1970年代人口出生的下降。

關鍵字

中國農村；計劃生育；「絕育」；婦女

並列摘要

This paper analyzes the popularization of family planning (birth control, jihua shengyu) in a Chinese village, here called ”Q village,” in Liaoning Province. In this village, contraception by IUDs was introduced and started to spread in the 1960s, while jueyu (sterilization) came to be universally recommended to woman of reproductive age in the 1970s, and the number of births indeed decreased. Family planning was based on the basic care provided by the village cooperative medical system and on the administrative system of the People's Commune. As well, Q Village received care from female ”barefoot doctors,” whom the villages trusted, while the women head of the production brigade enthusiastically supported family planning. Women's leadership ensured gender sensitive mobilization, ensuring clear results in the case of Q Village. At the same time, in rural China, the means of modern birth control was monopolistically provided by the administrative and medical system of People's Commune. This system actually made birth control technologies available for rural women who had not previously had access to them. Thus family planning-that is, state intervention in reproduction- became a part of the administrative and medical systems. Taking into account their poverty and family responsibilities, Q villagers tended to welcome birth control during the 1960s. Mobilization of family planning gradually became stricter in the 1970s and 1980s, and some women tried to resist it. With the ”one-child policy,” the government attempted to use persuasion, but this was on the basis of unequal power relationships within the villager and could become and be perceived as coercive. Village women were not simply passive clients but active agents accepting or resisting government policy, and they brought the rapid decline of fertility in the 1970s as a result.